Cool Season Crops | |||
---|---|---|---|
Hardy | Semi-Hardy | ||
Asparagus | Kohlrabi | Beet | Parsnip |
Broad bean | Leek | Celery | Potato |
Broccoli | Mustard | Cauliflower | Salsify |
Brussels Sprouts | Onion | Celery | |
Cabbage | Parsley | Chard | |
Chive | Pea | Chicory | |
Collard | Radish | Chinese Cabbage | |
Garlic | Rhubarb | Globe Artichoke | |
Horseradish | Spinach | Endive | |
Kale | Turnip | Lettuce |
Warm Season Crops | |||
---|---|---|---|
Tender | Very Tender | ||
Cowpea | Cucumber | Pepper, Sweet | |
New Zealand Spinach | Eggplant | Pumpkin | |
Snap Bean | Lima Bean | Squash | |
Soybean | Muskmelon | Sweetpotato | |
Sweet Corn | Okra | Watermelon | |
Tomato | Pepper, Hot |
Vegetable | Number of Seeds per oz | Field Seeding (lb/acre) |
---|---|---|
Asparagus | 700 | 2 - 3 |
Bean, Broad | 20 - 50 | 60 - 80 |
Bean, Bush | 100 - 125 | 70 - 90 |
Bean, Pole | 100 - 125 | 20 - 40 |
Bean, Lima, Bush | 25 - 75 | 40 - 60 |
Bean, Lima, Pole | 25 - 75 | 30 - 40 |
Beet | 1,600 | 6 - 10 |
Broccoli | 9,000 | ½ - 1½ |
Brussels Sprouts | 9,000 | ½ - 1½ |
Cabbage | 9,000 | ½ - 1½ |
Carrot | 23,000 | 2 - 4 |
Cauliflower | 9,000 | ½ - 1½ |
Celeriac | 72,000 | 1 - 2 |
Celery | 72,000 | 1 - 2 |
Chard, Swiss | 1,600 | 6 - 8 |
Chinese Cabbage | 9,000 | 1 - 2 |
Collard | 9,000 | 2 - 4 |
Corn, Sweet | 120 - 180 | 10 - 15 |
Cucumber | 1,100 | 2 - 3 |
Dandelion | 35,000 | 2 |
Eggplant | 6,500 | 2 |
Endive | 27,000 | 3 - 4 |
Kale | 9,000 | 2 - 4 |
Kohlrabi | 9,000 | 3 - 5 |
Leek | 11,000 | 4 |
Lettuce | 25,000 | 1 - 3 |
Muskmelon | 1,300 | 2 - 4 |
Mustard | 15,000 | 3 - 5 |
New Zealand Spinach | 350 | 15 |
Okra | 500 | 6 - 8 |
Onion | 8,500 | 3 - 4 |
Parsley | 18,500 | 3 - 4 |
Parsnip | 12,000 | 3 - 5 |
Pea | 90 - 175 | 90 - 220 |
Pepper | 4,500 | 2 - 4 |
Pumpkin | 100 - 300 | 1 |
Radish | 2,500 | 10 - 20 |
Rutabaga | 12,000 | 1 - 2 |
Salsify | 1,900 | 8 - 10 |
Southern Pea | 225 | 20 - 40 |
Spinach | 2,800 | 7 - 15 |
Squash | 120 - 400 | 2 - 6 |
Tomato | 11,500 | ½ - 1 |
Turnip | 15,000 | 1 - 2 |
Watermelon | 200 - 300 | 1 - 3 |
Seeding rates should be adjusted based on percent germination of the seed lot and desired plant populations, and weather conditions at planting.
Table 3. Length of Row per Acre at Various Row SpacingsDistance Between Rows (inch) | Row Length (ft/acre) | Distance Between Rows (inch) | Row Length (ft/acre) |
---|---|---|---|
3 | 174,240 | 36 | 14,520 |
6 | 87,120 | 40 | 13,068 |
9 | 58,080 | 42 | 12,445 |
12 | 43,560 | 48 | 10,890 |
15 | 34,848 | 60 | 8,712 |
18 | 29,040 | 78 | 6,702 |
21 | 24,891 | 80 | 6,531 |
24 | 21,780 | 84 | 6,223 |
27 | 19,360 | 96 | 5,445 |
30 | 17,424 | 108 | 4,840 |
33 | 15,840 | 120 | 4,356 |
Vegetable | Seedling Depth (inch) | Between Plants in Row (inch) | Between Rows (inch) |
---|---|---|---|
Asparagus | ½ - ¾ (T) | 9 - 154 | 8 - 72 |
Bean, Broad | 1 - 2 | 8 - 10 | 20 - 48 |
Bean, Bush | 1 - 2 | 2 - 4 | 18 - 36 |
Bean, Pole | 1 - 2 | 6 - 9 | 36 - 48 |
Bean, Lima, Bush | 1 - 1½ | 3 - 6 | 18 - 36 |
Bean, Lima, Pole | 1 - 2 | 8 - 12 | 36 - 48 |
Beet | ½ - 3/4 | 2 - 4 | 12 - 30 |
Broccoli | ¼ ½(T) | 6 - 12 | 12 - 40 |
Broccoli Raab | ½ | 3 - 4 | 24 - 36 |
Brussels Sprouts | ¼ - ½ (T) | 18 - 24 | 24 - 40 |
Cabbage | ¼ - ½ (T) | 12 - 24 | 24 - 36 |
Carrot | ¼ - ½ | 1 - 2 | 12 - 30 |
Cauliflower | ¼ - ½ (T) | 12 - 24 | 24 - 36 |
Celeriac | T | 4 - 6 | 24 - 36 |
Celery | T | 6 - 12 | 18 - 40 |
Chard, Swiss | ½ | 12 - 15 | 24 - 36 |
Chinese Cabbage | ½ (T) | 10 - 18 | 18 - 36 |
Chive | ½ | 12 - 18 | 24 - 36 |
Collard | ¼ - ½ | 12 - 24 | 24 - 36 |
Corn | 1 - 2 | 8 - 12 | 30 - 42 |
Cress | ½ | 2 - 4 | 12 - 18 |
Cucumber | 1 - 2 | 8 - 12 | 36 - 72 |
Dandelion | ½ | 3 - 6 | 14 - 24 |
Eggplant | ¼ - ½ (T) | 18 - 30 | 24 - 48 |
Endive | ½ | 8 - 12 | 18 - 24 |
Garlic | 1 - 2 | 1 - 3 | 12 - 24 |
Horseradish | 1 - 2 | 12 - 18 | 30 - 36 |
Jerusalem Artichoke | T | 15 - 18 | 42 - 48 |
Kale | ¼ - ½ | 18 - 24 | 24 - 36 |
Kohlrabi | ¼ - ½ | 3 - 6 | 12 - 36 | Leek | 1 - 2 | 24 - 36 | 72 - 96 |
Lettuce, Cos | ¼ | 10-14 | 12-24 |
Lettuce, Head | ¼ | 10 - 15 | 12 - 24 |
Lettuce, Leaf | ¼ | 8 - 12 | 12 - 24 |
Muskmelon/Other Melons | 1 - 2 | 12 - 18 | 48 - 96 |
Mustard | ¼ | 5 - 10 | 12 - 36 |
New Zealand Spinach | ½ | 10 - 20 | 36 - 60 |
Okra | 1 | 8 - 24 | 42 - 60 |
Onion | ¼ - ½ (T) | 1 - 4 | 8 - 24 |
Parsley | ¼ | 4 - 12 | 12 - 26 |
Parsnip | ¼ - ½ | 2 - 4 | 18 - 36 |
Pea | 1 - 2 | 1 - 3 | 24 - 48 |
Pepper | ¼ - ½ (T) | 12 - 24 | 36 - 40 |
Potato | 2 - 3 | 8 - 12 | 30 - 42 |
Pumpkin | 1 | 36 - 60 | 72 - 96 |
Radish | ¼ - ½ | ½ - 1 | 8 - 18 |
Rutabaga | ½ | 5 - 8 | 18 - 36 |
Salsify | ½ | 2 - 4 | 18 - 36 |
Shallot | 1 - 2 | 4 - 8 | 36 - 48 |
Southern Pea | 1 | 3 - 6 | 36 - 40 |
Spinach | ½ - 1 | 2 - 4 | 12 - 36 |
Squash, Bush | 1 - 2 | 24 - 48 | 36 - 60 |
Squash, Vining | 1 - 2 | 36 - 96 | 72 - 96 |
Sweetpotato | T | 10 - 18 | 36 - 48 |
Tomato, Flat | ¼ - ½ | 18 - 48 | 36 - 60 |
Tomato, Staked/Caged | ¼ - ½ | 24 - 36 | 36 - 48 |
Turnip | ¼ - ½ | 2 - 6 | 12 - 36 |
Turnip Greens | ¼ - ½ | 1 - 4 | 6 - 12 |
Watermelon | 1 - 2 | 24 - 36 | 72 - 96 |
Vegetable | Minimum (F) | Optimum Range (F) | Optimum (F) | Maximum (F) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Asparagus | 50 | 60 - 85 | 75 | 95 |
Bean | 60 | 60 - 85 | 80 | 95 |
Bean, Lima | 60 | 65 - 85 | 85 | 85 |
Beet | 40 | 50 - 85 | 85 | 95 |
Cabbage | 40 | 45 - 95 | 85 | 100 |
Carrot | 40 | 45 - 85 | 80 | 95 |
Cauliflower | 40 | 45 - 85 | 80 | 100 |
Celery | 40 | 60 - 70 | 70* | 85* |
Chard, Swiss | 40 | 50 - 85 | 85 | 95 |
Corn | 50 | 60 - 95 | 95 | 105 |
Cucumber | 60 | 60 - 95 | 95 | 105 |
Eggplant | 60 | 75 - 90 | 85 | 95 |
Lettuce | 35 | 40 - 80 | 75 | 85 |
Muskmelon | 60 | 75 - 95 | 90 | 100 |
Okra | 60 | 70 - 95 | 95 | 105 |
Onion | 35 | 50 - 95 | 75 | 95 |
Parsley | 40 | 50 - 85 | 75 | 90 |
Parsnip | 35 | 50 - 70 | 65 | 85 |
Pea | 40 | 40 - 75 | 75 | 85 |
Pepper | 40 | 65 - 95 | 85 | 95 |
Pumpkin | 60 | 70 - 90 | 95 | 100 |
Radish | 40 | 45 - 90 | 85 | 95 |
Spinach | 35 | 45 - 75 | 70 | 95 |
Squash | 60 | 70 - 95 | 70 | 85 |
Tomato | 50 | 60 - 85 | 85 | 95 |
Turnip | 40 | 60 - 105 | 85 | 105 |
Watermelon | 60 | 70 - 95 | 95 | 105 |
* Daily fluctuation of 60F or lower at night is essential.
Table 6.Planting Dates Based on Relative Frost DatesCrop | Spring Average Frost-Free Date | Fall Average to First Frost |
---|---|---|
Asparagus | *4 to 6 wk before | --- |
Beans, Snap Bush | on to 4 wk after | 45 - 60 |
Beans, Snap Pole | on to 4 wk after | 60 - 70 |
Beans, Lime Bush | on to 4 wk after | 60 - 80 |
Beans, Lima Pole | on to 4 wk after | 75 - 85 |
Beet | 4 to 6 wk before | 50 - 60 |
Broccoli | 4 to 6 wk before | 60 - 80 |
Brussels Sprouts | 4 to 6 wk before | 90 - 100 |
Cabbage | 4 to 6 wk before | 60 - 90 |
Cabbage, Chinese | 4 to 6 wk before | 65 - 70 |
Carrot | 4 to 6 wk before | 70 - 80 |
Cauliflower | not recommended | 70 - 90 |
Chard, Swiss | 2 to 6 wk before | 45 - 55 |
Collard (Kale) | 2 to 6 wk before | 50 - 80 |
Corn, Sweet | on to 6 wk after | 70 - 90 |
Cucumber | on to 6 wk after | 50 - 70 |
Eggplant | 2 to 6 wk after | 80 - 90 |
Garlic | not recommended | 140 - 150 |
Kohlrabi | 2 to 6 wk before | 55 - 75 |
Lettuce | 6 wk before/2 wk after | 40 - 80 |
Muskmelon (Cantaloupe) | on to 6 wk after | 85 - 100 |
Mustard | on to 6 wk after | 30 - 40 |
Okra | 2 to 6 wk after | 55 - 65 |
Onion (Plants) | 4 to 10 wks before | 80 - 120 |
Onion (Seed) | 6 to 8 wk before | 90 - 120 |
Parsley | on to 6 wk before | 70 - 90 |
Pea, English | 2 to 8 wk before | 55 - 90 |
Pea, Southern | 2 to 10 wk after | 60 - 70 |
Pepper | 1 to 8 wk after | 60 - 90 |
Potato, Irish | 4 to 6 wk before | 75 - 100 |
Sweetpotato | 2 to 8 wk after | 100 - 130 |
Pumpkin | 1 to 4 wk after | 75 - 100 |
Radish | 6 wk before/4 wk after | 25 - 40 |
Spinach | 1 to 8 wk before | 40 - 60 |
Squash, Summer | 1 to 4 wk after | 50 - 60 |
Squash, Winter | 1 to 4 wk after | 85 - 100 |
Tomato | on to 8 wk after | 70 - 90 |
Turnip Greens | 2 to 6 wk before | 30 |
Turnip Roots | 2 to 6 wk before | 70 - 90 |
Watermelon | on to 6 wk after | 80 - 100 |
Vegetable | Time to Market Maturity (days) | Time to Market Maturity (days) |
---|---|---|
Early Variety | Late Variety | |
Asparagus | - | 1 year |
Bean, Broad | - | 120 |
Bean, Bush | 48 | 60 |
Bean, Pole | 62 | 68 |
Bean, Lima, Bush | 65 | 78 |
Bean, Lima, Pole | 78 | 88 |
Beet | 56 | 70 |
Broccoli1 | 55 | 78 |
Broccoli Raab | 60 | 70 |
Brussels Sprouts | 80 | 100 |
Cabbage | 65 | 120 |
Carrot | 50 | 95 |
Cauliflower1 | 60 | 100 |
Celeriac | - | 110 |
Celery1 | 90 | 125 |
Chard, Swiss | 50 | 60 |
Chinese Cabbage | 70 | 80 |
Chives | - | 90 |
Collard | 70 | 85 |
Corn, Sweet | 64 | 95 |
Cucumber, Pickling | 48 | 65 |
Cucumber, Slicing | 62 | 72 |
Dandelion | - | 85 |
Eggplant1 | 60 | 80 |
Endive | 85 | 100 |
Kale | - | 55 |
Kohlrabi | 50 | 60 |
Leek | - | 150 |
Lettuce, Butterhead | 55 | 70 |
Lettuce, Romaine | 70 | 75 |
Lettuce, Head | 70 | 85 |
Lettuce, Leaf | 40 | 50 |
Melon, Casaba | - | 110 |
Melon, Honeydew | - | 110 |
Melon, Persian | - | 110 |
Muskmelon | 85 | 95 |
Mustard | 35 | 55 |
New Zealand Spinach | - | 70 |
Okra | 50 | 60 |
Onion, Dry | 90 | 150 |
Onion, Green | 45 | 60 |
Parsley | 70 | 80 |
Parsnip | - | 120 |
Pea | 56 | 75 |
Pea, Edible-Podded | 60 | 70 |
Pepper, Hot1 | 65 | 80 |
Pepper, Sweet1 | 65 | 80 |
Potato | 90 | 120 |
Pumpkin | 100 | 120 |
Radish | 22 | 30 |
Radish, Winter | 50 | 60 |
Rutabaga | - | 90 |
Salsify | - | 150 |
Southern Pea (Cowpea) | 65 | 85 |
Spinach | 37 | 75 |
Squash, Summer | 40 | 50 |
Squash, Winter | 85 | 110 |
Sweetpotato1 | 120 | 150 |
Tomato1 | 60 | 90 |
Turnip | 40 | 75 |
Watermelon | 75 | 95 |
1Transplanted
Vegetable | Time to Market Maturity (days) |
---|---|
Bean | 7 - 10 |
Corn, Fresh Market* | 18 - 23 |
Cucumber, Pickling | 4 - 5 |
Cucumber, Slicing | 15 - 18 |
Eggplant (2/3 Maximum Size) | 25 - 40 |
Cantaloupe | 40 - 45 |
Okra | 4 - 6 |
Pepper, Green Stage | 45 - 55 |
Pepper, Red Stage | 60 - 70 |
Pumpkin | 80 - 90 |
Squash: Summer, Crookneck | 6 - 7 |
Squash: Summer, Early Prolific Straightneck | 5 - 6 |
Squash: Summer, Scallop | 4 - 5 |
Squash: Winter, Zucchini | 3 - 4 |
Squash: Winter, Banana | 70 - 80 |
Squash: Winter, Boston Marrow | 60 - 70 |
Squash: Winter, Buttercup | 60 - 70 |
Squash: Winter, Butternut | 60 - 70 |
Squash: Winter, Golden Delicious | 60 - 70 |
Squash: Winter, Hubbard | 80 - 90 |
Squash: Winter, Table Queen or Acorn | 80 - 90 |
Tomato: Mature Green | 35 - 45 |
Tomato: Full Red | 40 - 50 |
Watermelon | 40 45 |
*From 50% silking
Table 10. Approx Seed Required for Producing 10,000 TransplantsVegetable | Plants per Ounce of Seed | Amount Required to Produce 10,000 Transplants |
---|---|---|
Asparagus | 500 | 1 - ¼ lb | Broccoli | 5,000 | 2 oz |
Brussels Sprouts | 5,000 | 2 oz |
Cabbage | 5,000 | 2 oz |
Cauliflower | 5,000 | 2 oz |
Celery | 15,000 | 1 oz |
Cucumber | 500 | 1¼ lb |
Eggplant | 2,500 | 4 oz |
Lettuce | 10,000 | 1 oz |
Muskmelon | 500 | 1¼ lb |
Onion | 4,000 | 3 oz |
Pepper | 1,500 | 7 oz |
Summer Squash | 200 | 3¼ lb |
Tomato | 4,000 | 3 oz |
Watermelon | 200 | 3¼ lb |
Source: Knott's handbook for vegetable growers. 4th Edition. Donald Maynard and George Hochmuth.
Table 11. Temperature and Time Required for Growing Plants for Field TransplantingVegetable | Day(F) | Night(F) | Average Height(inch) | Average Number of True Leaves | Time(Weeks) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asparagus | 70 - 80 | 65 - 70 | 4 - 6 | 4 - 6 | 8 - 10 | Broccoli | 60 - 70 | 50 - 60 | 4 - 5 | 2 - 4 | 4 - 6 |
Brussels Sprouts | 60 - 70 | 50 - 60 | 4 - 5 | 2 - 4 | 4 - 6 |
Cabbage | 60 - 70 | 50 - 60 | 4 - 5 | 2 - 4 | 4 - 6 |
Cauliflower | 60 - 70 | 50 - 60 | 4 - 5 | 2 - 4 | 4 - 6 |
Celery | 65 - 75 | 60 - 65 | 4 - 6 | 4 - 6 | 6 - 8 |
Cucumber | 70 - 75 | 60 - 65 | 2 - 4 | 2 - 4 | 1 - 2 |
Eggplant | 70 - 80 | 65 - 70 | 6 - 8 | 4 - 6 | 6 - 8 |
Lettuce | 55 - 65 | 50 - 55 | 5 - 7 | 2 - 4 | 5 - 7 |
Muskmelon | 70 - 75 | 60 - 65 | 2 - 4 | 2 - 4 | 1 - 2 |
Onion | 60 - 65 | 55 - 60 | 5 - 6 | 4 - 6 | 8 - 10 |
Pepper | 65 - 75 | 60 - 65 | 3 - 5 | 2 - 4 | 6 - 8 |
Summer Squash | 70 - 75 | 60 - 65 | 3 - 5 | 2 - 4 | 1 - 2 |
Tomato | 65 - 75 | 60 - 65 | 4 - 6 | 4 - 6 | 5 - 7 |
Watermelon | 70 - 80 | 65 - 70 | 2 - 4 | 2 - 4 | 1 - 2 |
*Adjust temperatures slightly to alter growth rates
Table 12. Number of Plants per Acre at Various SpacingsSpacing (inch) | Plant Number | Spacing (inch) | Plant Number | Spacing (ft) | Plant Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 x 1 | 522,720 | 30 x 3 | 69,696 | 6 x 1 | 7,260 |
12 x 3 | 174,240 | 30 x 6 | 34,848 | 6 x 2 | 3,630 |
12 x 6 | 87,120 | 30 x 12 | 17,424 | 6 x 3 | 2,420 |
12 x 12 | 43,560 | 30 x 15 | 13,939 | 6 x 4 | 1,815 |
30 x 18 | 11,616 | 6 x 5 | 1,452 | ||
15* x 1 | 418,176 | 30 x 24 | 8,712 | 6 x 6 | 1,210 |
15 x 3 | 139,392 | ||||
15 x 6 | 69,696 | 36 x 3 | 58,080 | 7 x 1 | 6,223 |
15 x 12 | 34,848 | 36 x 6 | 29,040 | 7 x 2 | 3,111 |
36 x 12 | 14,520 | 7 x 3 | 2,074 | ||
18* x 3 | 116,160 | 36 x 18 | 9,680 | 7 x 4 | 1,556 |
18 x 6 | 58,080 | 36 x 24 | 7,260 | 7 x 5 | 1,244 |
18 x 12 | 29,040 | 36 x 36 | 4,840 | 7 x 6 | 1,037 |
18 x 14 | 24,891 | 7 x 7 | 889 | ||
18 x 18 | 19,360 | 40 x 6 | 26,136 | ||
40 x 12 | 13,068 | 8 x 1 | 5,446 | ||
21* x 3 | 99,564 | 40 x 18 | 8,712 | 8 x 2 | 2,722 |
21 x 6 | 49,782 | 40 x 24 | 6,534 | 8 x 3 | 1,815 |
21 x 12 | 24,891 | 8 x 4 | 1,361 | ||
21 x 14 | 21,336 | 42 x 6 | 24,891 | 8 x 5 | 1,089 |
21 x18 | 16,694 | 42 x 12 | 12,445 | 8 x 6 | 907 |
42 x 18 | 8,297 | 8 x 8 | 680 | ||
48 x 6 | 21,780 | 42 x 24 | 6,223 | ||
48 x 12 | 10,890 | 42 x 36 | 4,148 | 10 x 2 | 2,178 |
48 x 18 | 7,260 | 10 x 4 | 1,089 | ||
48 x 24 | 5,445 | 60 x 12 | 8,712 | 10 x 6 | 726 |
48 x 36 | 3,630 | 60 x 18 | 5,808 | 10 x 8 | 544 |
48 x 48 | 2,722 | 60 x 24 | 4,356 | 10 x 10 | 435 |
60 x 36 | 2,904 | ||||
60 x 48 | 2,178 | ||||
60 x 60 | 1,742 |
* Equivalent to double rows on beds at 30, 36, 40, and 42 in. centers, respectively.
Table 13. Relative Life Expectancy of Vegetable Seeds Stored Under Favorable ConditionsVegetable | Years | Vegetable | Years |
---|---|---|---|
Asparagus | 3 | Leek | 3 |
Bean | 3 | Lettuce | 6 |
Beet | 4 | Muskmelon | 5 |
Broccoli | 3 | Mustard | 4 |
Brussels Sprouts | 4 | New Zealand Spinach | 3 |
Cabbage | 4 | Okra | 2 |
Carrot | 3 | Onion | 1 |
Cauliflower | 4 | Parsley | 1 |
Celeriac | 3 | Parsnip | 1 |
Celery | 3 | Pea | 3 |
Chard, Swiss | 4 | Pepper | 2 |
Chicory | 4 | Pumpkin | 4 |
Chinese Cabbage | 3 | Radish | 5 |
Collard | 5 | Rutabaga | 4 |
Corn | 2 | Salsify | 1 |
Cucumber | 5 | Southern Pea | 3 |
Dandelion | 2 | Spinach | 2 |
Eggplant | 4 | Squash | 4 |
Endive | 5 | Tomato | 4 |
Kale | 4 | Turnip | 4 |
Kohlrabi | 3 | Watermelon | 4 |
Vegetable | Moisture (%) | Vegetable | Moisture (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Bean, Garden | 7.0 | Leek | 6.5 |
Bean, Lima | 7.0 | Lettuce | 5.5 |
Beet | 7.5 | Muskmelon | 6.0 |
Broccoli | 5.0 | Mustard, India | 5.0 |
Brussels Sprouts | 5.0 | Onion | 6.5 |
Cabbage | 5.0 | Onion, Welsh | 6.5 |
Carrot | 7.0 | Parsley | 6.5 |
Cauliflower | 5.0 | Parsnip | 6.0 |
Celeriac | 7.0 | Pea | 7.0 |
Celery | 7.0 | Pepper | 4.5 |
Chard, Swiss | 7.5 | Pumpkin | 6.0 |
Chinese Cabbage | 5.0 | Radish | 5.0 |
Chive | 6.5 | Rutabaga | 5.0 |
Collards | 5.0 | Spinach | 8.0 |
Corn, Sweet | 8.0 | Squash | 6.0 |
Cucumber | 6.0 | Tomato | 5.5 |
Eggplant | 6.0 | Turnip | 5.0 |
Kale | 5.0 | Watermelon | 6.5 |
Kohlrabi | 5.0 | All Others | 6.0 |
Adapted from Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 239, Wednesday, December 14, 1994. Rules and Regulations 64492.
Table 14. Characteristic Rooting Depths of Various VegetablesShallow Rooted (18 - 24 inch) | Moderately Deep Rooted (36 - 48 inch) | Deep Rooted (48 inch) |
---|---|---|
Bean, Bush | Artichoke | |
Bean, Pole | Asparagus | |
Beet | Bean, Lima | |
Carrot | Parsnip | |
Chard | Pumpkin | |
Cucumber | Squash, Winter | |
Eggplant | Sweetpotato | |
Muskmelon | Tomato | |
Mustard | Watermelon | |
Pea | ||
Pepper | ||
Rutabaga | ||
Squash, Summer | ||
Turnip |
The depth of rooting of vegetables is influenced by the soil profile. If there is a clay pan, hard pan, compacted layer, or other
dense formation, the rooting depth will be shallower.
Source: Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers. (4th Edition). Donald Maynard and George Hochmuth.
Crop | Suggestions |
Asparagus | UC 157, UC 72, UC 500W, UC 72, Jersey Gem, Jersey Giant, Jersey Centennial |
Bean | Green: Benchmark, Blue Lake
274, Derby, Jade, Landmark, Opus,
Strike Flat pod: Calgreen, Magnum, Roma II Pinto: Cinnabar, Bill Z., Fiesta, Othello, Pinata III, Pinray, U.I. 126 |
Beet (Table) | Detroit Dark Red S.T., Red Ace, Red Cloud, Warrior |
Broccoli | Everest, Heritage, Liberty, Sultan, Marathon, Patriot, Signal, Triathlon |
Brussels Sprouts | Jade Cross, Long Island Improved |
Cabbage | Blue Vantage, Bravo, Cheers, Emblem, Fortress, Pennant, Solid Blue 790,
Solid Blue 760, Vantage Point, Blue Thunder Red Type: Cardinal, Red Jewel, Red Rock, Red Rookie, Rio Grande Red Chinese: Jade Pagoda, Joi Choi, Mei Qing Choi, Michihili, Monument, Tatsoi |
Cantaloupe | Caravelle, Chaparral, Cimaron, Copo de Orio, Cruiser, Early Delight, Gold
Rush, Impak, Hy-Mark, Mission,
Primo, Ovation, Progresso, Super 45 Open Pollinated: TAM Uvalde, Perlita, Mainstream |
Carrot |
Big Shot, Candy Stix, Caropak, Cheyenne, Choctaw, Navajo, Sugar Snax, Vita-Sweet, SCR 7180, SCR 7248 |
Cauliflower |
Candid Charm Gaudian, Imperial 10-6, Incline, Minuteman, Snowball Y Imp.,
Snow Crown, White magic, Snowman Green type: Alverde, Macerata, Green Harmony, Spiral Point |
Celery | Florida 683, Rocket, Starlet, Summer or Giant Pascal, Utah 52-70 |
Collard | Champion, Flash, Top Bunch, Vates |
Cowpea (Southern Pea) |
Pinkeye: Texas
Pinkeye, Purple Hull, Pinkeye
Purple Hull BVR, Pinkeye Purple Hull,
Coronett Blackeye: Blackeye #5, Arkansas #1, Blackeye #46 Cream: Cream 40 Crowder: Brown Sugar, Mississippi Silver, Zipper Greenhouse: Bruneva, Brunex, Vitomil |
Cucumber | Slicer: Conquistador, Dasher II, Daytona, General Lee, Indy,
Panther, Pointsett 76, Raider, Slice Master, Slice Nice, Supersett, Sprint
440 II, Thunderbird, Turbo, Olympian, Marketmore 76, Straight Eight, Straight
Nine Pickling: Calypso, Carolina, Fancypak M, Flurry, Jackson, Royal, National Pickle |
Eggplant | Black Bell, Black Magic, Epic, Classic, Florida High Bush, Florida Market,
Night Shadow Oriental type: Ichibon, Tycoon |
Garlic | Soft neck type: California
Early, California Late, Mexican Pink, Creole, Texas White Elephant type (not a true garlic): Oriental garlic Hardneck type: Roja, German Red, Valencia |
Lettuce |
Crisp Head: Great Lakes 659 MT, Mission Loose Leaf: Flame, Grand Rapids, Prizehead, Red Sails, Salad Bowl, Two Star, Waldeman's Green Butter head: Buttercrunch Romaine: Valmine, Paris Island |
Honeydew Melon | Honeybrew, Megabrew, Morning Ice |
Kale | Blue Armor, Blue Arrow, Blue Knight, Dwarf Scotch, Vates, Imp. Dwarf Siverian |
Mustard Green | Green Wave, Tendergreen, Southern Giant Curl, Florida Broadleaf |
Okra | Clemson Spineless, Lee, Emerald, Clemson 80, Green Best, Cajun Delight,
Lee Compact Type: Annie Oakley, Prelude, Blondy |
Onion | Short Day: Yellow- Chula Vista, Cougar, Diamante, Encino, Jaguar, Linda Vista, Marquesa,
Mercedes, Riojas, Sweet Sunrise, TX 1015, 699 Red- Rio, Rio Santiago White- Diamante, Krystal, Texas Early White Yellow- Caballero, Cimarron , Riviera , Sierra Blanca, Utopia, Yula Red- Fuego, White- Alabaster, Duro, Spano Long Day: Yellow- Armada, Blanco Duro, Capri, Durango, El Charo, Ole, Seville, Sweet Perfection, Valdez, Vega, Vaquero Red- Tango White- Sterling |
Pepper | Bell: Aladdin, Capistrano, Camelot X3R, Early Sunsation, Jupiter,
Pip, Red Knight, Summersweet 840, Taurus, Valiant, X3R Wizard Jalapeno: Coyama, Grande, Mitla, Ole~, Perfecto, TAM Mild-1, TAM Veracruz, Tula, Tulleon, Summer Heat 5000, Summer Heat 6000, X3R-Ixtapa, Spp 7603 Serrano: Fiesta, Tampico, Tuxtlas, Ancho: San Martin Cayenne: Mesilla Anaheim: Sonara |
Potato | Russet: Russet Norkatah, Norgold M, Century Russet White: Atlantic, Gemchip, Chipeta, Kennebec Red: Red LaSoda, Viking, Pontiac Yellow Flesh: Yukon Gold |
Pumpkin | Mini: Jack-Be-Little, Munchkin, Pro Gold 100 Small: Small Sugar, Triple Treat, Streaker, Pro Gold 300, Oz, Spookie, Small Sugar Large: Appalachian, Connecticut Field, Ghost Rider, Howden, Happy Jack, Magic, Pro Gold 500, Pro Gold 510, Trickster, Wizard, Big Max, Halloween Mammoth: Atlantic, Giant, Big Mac, Big Max, Howden Biggie, Prizewinner |
Spinach | Fresh: Fall Green, Samish,, Winter Green (Ark
88-310) Processing: ACX 5044, F 380, ACX 3633, ACX 2615, 6710157 |
Squash (Summer) | Straight Neck: General Patton, Golden Girl, Goldbar, Gold Spike,
Lemon Drop L., Multipik, PS- 391 Crook Neck: Bandit, Dixie, Early Golden, Freedom II, Goldslice, Goldie, Liberator III, Medallion, Meigs, Prelude II, Pavo, Supersett, Sunrise Zucchini: Commander, Enterprise, Independence II, President, Senator, ACX 34 Specialty: Basima, Cue Ball, Eight Ball, Ishtar, One Ball, Profit, Salman |
Sweet Corn | Standard: Merit Y, Jubilee Y, Silver Queen W Se: Calico Belle B, Guadalupe Gold, Kandy Korn, Snowbelle w, Sweet G-90 B, Temptation B Sh2: Challenger Y, Dazzle, Even Sweeter W, Endeavor Y, Florida Staysweet Y, Punchline Y, Summersweet 7710 Y, Sweetie 82 Y, Frontier W, Summersweet 7211 W, Summersweet 7210Y, Summersweet 8102 B Se X Sh2:Sweet Ice, Sweet Symphony, Sweet Rhythm |
Sweetpotato | Orange flesh: Beauregard, Jewel, Excel, Hernandez Gold flesh: Shore Gold White flesh: Sumor, White Delight |
Tomato | Bingo, Carnival, Celebrity, Florida 51, Merced, Sanibel, Spitfire,
Sunbeam, Sunrise, Summer Flavor 5000 Heat set: ACX 12, Florida 91, Florasette, Heatwave, Sunchaser, Surefire Processing: ACX 8625, Aztec, Casa Del Sol, Chico III, Ohio 8245, TX III, XP 671, Yaqui |
Turnip | Greens: All Top, Alamo, Topper Roots: Purple Top White Globe, Royal Globe, Shogoin, York, Seven Top, Tokyo Cross, White Lady, Royal Crown |
Watermelon | Hybrids: Big Stripe, Royal Sweet, Royal Flush, Sentinel, Stargazer,
Stars N Stripes, Summer Flavor 800, Summergold Y, Triumph, Denver, Encore, Seedless(Triploids): Crimson Trio, Tri X 313, Carousel, Revolution, Summer Flavor 5244, Lamar, Tiger Eye, Ruby Open Pollinated: Allsweet, Jubilee II, Legacy, AU Producer, Crimson Sweet, Sugar Baby, Mickylee, Charleston Grey |
Abbot & Cobb 4120 W. Pecan McAllen, TX 78501 956-682-0174 |
Harris Moran 6200 S. 35th St., Ste. D McAllen, TX 78503 956-686-5412 harrismoran.com |
American Takii 301 Natividad Rd. Salinas, CA 93906 831-443-4901 takii.com |
Syngenta 2017 Robin McAllen, TX 78506 956-630-4809 syngenta.com |
Baxter Seed Corp. 416 S. Missouri Weslaco, TX 78596 956-968-3187 |
Sakata
Seed
America, Inc. 929 E Esperanza Ave McAllen, TX 78501 956-687-1558 sakata.com |
Champion Seed 2113 N. Jackson Rd. McAllen, TX 78501 956-618-5574 championseed.com |
Sunseeds PO Box 2078 Morgan Hill, CA 95038-2078 408-776-1111 |
DeRuiter Seeds, Inc. 3001 Bethel Rd, Suite 118 Columbus, OH 43220 614-459-1498 deruiterusa.com |
Willhite Seed Co. P.O. Box 23 Poolville, TX 76487 800-828-1840 Fax: 817-599-8656 willhiteseed.com |
The above listing is a partial listing only. Other companies are also available.
Table 17. Source of Texas Vegetable Transplants
Peterson Brothers Greenhouses 1630 Creekview Dr. San Antonio, TX 78219 210-333-6971 |
Speedling, Inc. P.O. Box 730 Alamo, TX 78516 800-892-5266 |
Tropical Star Vegetable Transplants RR 4, Box 4627A Donna, TX 78537 956-461-5151 |
For the Home Garden and for Commercial Production | ||
Brown's Omaha
Plant Farm Box 787 Omaha, TX 75571 Ph 903-884-2421 |
Dixiondale Farms P. O. Box 127 Carrizo Springs , TX 78834 |
Knippa Plant Farm Box 62 Knippa, TX 78870 830-934-2157 |
For the Home Garden Only | ||
Willhite Seed Company P. O. Box 23 Poolville, TX 76487 Ph 800-828-1840 |
Equipment and Supply Items | Source | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bagging And Handling Equipment | Haines Equipment Co. 20 Carrington St Avoca, NY 14809-9766 607-566-8531 hainesequipment.com |
Thomas E. Moore, Inc. 696 S Bay Rd Dover, DE 19901-4626 302-674-1500 |
Semco Mfg. Co. 705 E US Hwy 83 Pharr, TX 78577-4925 956-787-4203 semcomfgco.com |
|
Boxes And Containers | Alamo Packaging Corp. 3623 Metro Parkway San Antonio, TX 78247 210-490-1466 |
East Texas Containers, Inc. 10235 County Rd 489 Tyler, TX 75706-6023 903-595-6444 |
Tyler Corrugated Box Inc. 5710 Reed Rd Tyler, TX 75707-1968 903-581-4950 |
|
International Paper Co. 1501 N Closner Blvd Edinburg, TX 78539 956-383-0701 |
Inland Container Corp. 1010 E. Chapin Edinburg, TX 78539 Ph (956) 383-4939 |
Gaylord Container 1111 AT&T Center Pkwy San Antonio, TX 78219 210-225-2901 |
||
Bed Shapers | Holland Transplanter Co. 510 E. 16th St Holland, MI 49423 616-392-3579 transplanter.com |
Kennco Mfg. Inc. 1105 3rd St NE Ruskin, FL 33570 813-645-2591 kenncomfg.com |
Johnson Farm Machinery 38574 Kentucky Ave Woodland, CA 95695 530-662-1788 |
|
Agro Equipment Co. 613 S. Getty St Uvalde, TX 77801 830-278-9115 agroequipment.net |
||||
Chemical Production Aids: Growth Regulators, Anticrustants, Antitranspirants |
Abbott Laboratories 709 Rio Grande Court Mission, TX 78572 Ph (956) 580-9735 |
Helena Chemical Co. 6801 Highway 66 Greenville, TX 903-455-5540 helenachemical.com |
Wilbur Ellis Fm 1925 Edinburg, TX 78539 956-383-4901 |
|
UAP Uvalde, TX 830-278-4594 Caldwell, TX 979-272-8470 |
||||
Cooling And Cold Storage Equipment | Post Harvest Technologies 1060 Growers St Salinas, CA 93901 831-758-2433 postharvesttech.com |
Semco Mfg. Co. 705 E US Hwy 83 Pharr, TX 78577-4925 956-787-4203 semcomfgco.com |
||
Grading And Packing Equipment | Ag-Pak, Inc. 8416 State St Gasport, NY 14067 716-772-2651 agpak.com |
Northwest Baggers P. O. Box 10932 Yakima, WA 98909 509-575-1950 |
Semco Mfg. Co. 705 E US Hwy 83 Pharr, TX 78577-4925 956-787-4203 semcomfgco.com |
|
FMC Corp. 720 E Highway McAllen, TX 78501 956-686-8311 |
North Star Ice Equipment 8151 Occidental Ave S. Seattle, WA 98108 Ph (206) 763-7300 |
International Paper Co 1501 N Closner Blvd Edinburg, TX 78541 956-383-3811 |
||
Gaylord Container Corp. 1111 Sbc Center Pkwy San Antonio, TX 78219 210-225-2901 |
Durand-Wayland, Inc. 101 Durand Rd LaGrange, GA 30241 706-882-8161 durand-wayland.com |
|||
Greenhouse, Bedding And Bedding Plant Supplies | A. H. Hummert Seed Co. 2746 Chouteau Ave St. Louis, MO 63103 800-325-3055 hummert.com |
Kinney Bonded Warehouse 102 N 13th St Donna, TX 78537 956-464-4491 kinneybonded.com |
||
Harvest Aids | Automatic Equip Mfg Co. 1 Mill Rd. Pender, NE 68047 402-385-3051 |
Semco Mfg. Co. 705 E US Hwy 83 Pharr, TX 78577-4925 956-787-4203 semcomfgco.com |
||
Harvesters | Pixall Corp. 100 Bean St Clear Lake, WI 54005 715-263-2112 |
Semco Mfg. Co. 705 E US Hwy 83 Pharr, TX 78577-4925 956-787-4203 semcomfgco.com |
||
Pik Rite, Inc. 60 Pik Rite Lane Lewisburg, PA 17837 800-326-9763 pikrite.com |
SortRite International 825 W. Jefferson Ave Harlingen, TX 78550 956-423-2427 sort-rite.com |
|||
Harvest Containers | Macro Plastics 225 Huntington Dr. Fairfield, CA 94533 800-845-6555 macroplastics.com |
Texas Basket Co. 100 Myrtle Dr Jacksonville, TX 75766 903-586-8014 texasbasket.com |
||
Irrigation: Drip, Drip Tape |
ATS Irrigation, Inc. 2509 Hwy 105 Brenham, TX 77833 979-836-2197 atsirrigation.com |
Irrigation-Mart 3303 McDonald Ave Ruston, LA 71270 800-729-7246 irrigation-mart.com |
HiTech Irrigation 701 E Expressway 83 San Juan, TX 78589 956-781-6651 hi-techirrigation.com |
|
Submatic Austin Inc. 3804 Woodbury Dr #D Austin, TX 78704 512-440-7744 |
Bragg Irrigation 2200 FM 462 Hondo, TX 78861 830-426-2965 |
Swish, Inc. 189 Reta St Stephenville, TX 76401 254-965-4505 |
||
Mulch Materials: Row Covers/Cage Bags |
Hendrix & Dail, Inc. 1103 Industrial Blvd Greenville, NC 27834 252-758-4263 hendrixanddail.com |
HiTech Irrigation 701 E Expressway 83 San Juan, TX 78589 956-781-6651 hi-techirrigation.com |
Kinney Bonded Warehouse 102 N 13th St Donna, TX 78537 956-464-4491 kinneybonded.com |
|
Irrigation-Mart 3303 McDonald Ave Ruston, LA 71270 800-729-7246 irrigation-mart.com |
Reddick Fumigants, Inc. 3002 W Main St Williamston, NC 27892 252-792-1613 reddickfumigants.com |
Ken-Bar, Inc. 25 Walkers Brook Dr. Reading, MA 91867-0704 800-336-8882 ken-bar.com |
||
Mulch Equipment: Application/Removal |
Holland Transplanter Co. 510 E. 16th St Holland, MI 49423 616-392-3579 transplanter.com |
Speedling, Inc. 1 Mile S Alamo Rd Alamo, TX 78516 956-787-1911 speedling.com |
Kennco Mfg. Co. 1105 3rd St NE Ruskin, FL 33570 813-645-2591 kenncomfg.com |
|
Reddick Fumigants, Inc. 3002 W Main St Williamston, NC 27892 252-792-1613 reddickfumigants.com |
Mechanical Transplanter 1150 S. Central Ave Holland, MI 49422 616-396-8738 mechanicaltransplanter.com |
Pik Rite, Inc. 60 Pik Rite Lane Lewisburg, PA 17837 800-326-9763 pikrite.com |
||
Mulch Planters/Transplanters: | Kennco Mfg. Co. 1105 3rd St NE Ruskin, FL 33570 813-645-2591 kenncomfg.com |
Holland Transplanter Co. 510 E. 16th St Holland, MI 49423 616-392-3579 transplanter.com |
Mechanical Transplanter 1150 S. Central Ave Holland, MI 49422 616-396-8738 mechanicaltransplanter.com |
|
Speedling, Inc. 1 Mile S Alamo Rd Alamo, TX 78516 956-787-1911 speedling.com |
||||
Precision Planters: | Monosem Inc. 1001 Blake St. Edwardsville, KS 66111 913.438.1700 |
Agro. Equipment Co 613 S Getty Uvalde, TX 78801-6171 800.284.0425 agroequipment.net |
Stanhay/Gaspardo Solex Corp. 220 S. Jefferson St. Dixon, CA 95620-3412 707.678.5533> solexcorp.com |
|
Sprayers, Fertilizer Applicators: | Agro Equipment Co. 633 S. Getty Uvalde, TX 77801-6171 830-278-9115 agroequipment.net |
Goldwater Ag Supply, Inc. 15560 State Hwy 64W Tyler, TX 75704-6438 Ph 903.592.8529 |
Kennco Mfg. Co. 1105 3rd St NE Ruskin, FL 33570 813-645-2591 kenncomfg.com |
The above is a partial listing of agricultural equipment and products suppliers. There are many other excellent sources for these items. This list does not constitute a recommendation on behalf of the Texas Agricultural Extension Service, and, it is provided only for educational purposes.
Manures vary greatly in their nutrient content. The kind of feed used, percentage and type of litter or bedding, moisture content, and age and degree of rotting or drying all modify the composition. The following data are representative analyses from widely scattered reports.
Moisture % |
Approx Composition (lb/ton) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | P2O5 | K2O | ||
Fresh Manure with Bedding or Litter | ||||
Cow | 86 | 11 | 4 | 10 |
Duck | 61 | 22 | 29 | 10 |
Goose | 67 | 22 | 11 | 10 |
Chicken | 73 | 22 | 22 | 10 |
Hog | 87 | 11 | 6 | 9 |
Horse | 80 | 13 | 5 | 13 |
Sheep | 70 | 20 | 15 | 21 |
Steer or Feed Yard | 85 | 12 | 7 | 11 |
Turkey | 74 | 26 | 14 | 10 |
Dried Commercial Products | ||||
Cow | 21 | 20 | 20 | 38 |
Hen | 13 | 31 | 35 | 40 |
Hog | 10 | 45 | 42 | 20 |
Rabbit | 16 | 26 | 31 | 32 |
Sheep | 10 | 32 | 25 | 41 |
Stockyard | 17 | 25 | 24 | 42 |
Alfalfa Hay | 10 | 50 | 11 | 50 |
Alfalfa Straw | 7 | 28 | 7 | 36 |
Barley Hay | 9 | 23 | 11 | 33 |
Barley Straw | 10 | 12 | 5 | 32 |
Bean Straw | 11 | 20 | 6 | 25 |
Beggarweed Hay | 9 | 50 | 12 | 56 |
Buckwheat Straw | 11 | 14 | 2 | 48 |
Clover Hay | 10 | 45 | 15 | 60 |
Cowpea Hay | 10 | 60 | 13 | 36 |
Cowpea Straw | 9 | 20 | 5 | 38 |
Field Pea Hay | 11 | 28 | 11 | 30 |
Horse Bean Hay | 9 | 43 | ||
Lezpedeza Hay | 11 | 41 | 8 | 22 |
Lezpedeza Straw | 10 | 21 | ||
Oat Hay | 12 | 26 | 9 | 20 |
Oat Straw | 10 | 13 | 5 | 33 |
Ryegrass Hay | 11 | 26 | 11 | 25 |
Rye Hay | 9 | 21 | 8 | 25 |
Rye Straw | 7 | 11 | 4 | 22 |
Sorghum Stover, Hegari | 13 | 18 | 4 | |
Soybean Hay | 12 | 46 | 11 | 20 |
Soybean Straw | 11 | 13 | 6 | 15 |
Sudan Grass Hay | 11 | 28 | 12 | 31 |
Sweet Corn Fodder | 12 | 30 | 8 | 24 |
Velvet Bean Hay | 7 | 50 | 11 | 53 |
Vetch Hay | 11 | 53 | 15 | 50 |
Wheat Hay | 10 | 20 | 8 | 35 |
Wheat Straw | 8 | 12 | 3 | 19 |
Miscellaneous Organic Materials | ||||
Bat Guano | 200 | 80 | 40 | |
Blood | 260 | 40 | 20 | |
Bone Meal, Raw | 60 | 440 | ||
Bone Meal, Steamed | 20 | 300 | ||
Castor Bean Meal | 100 | 40 | 20 | |
Cottonseed Meal | 120 | 60 | 30 | |
Fish Meal | 200 | 120 | ||
Garbage Tankage | 50 | 40 | 20 | |
Peanut Meal | 140 | 30 | 24 | |
Sewage Sludge | 30 | 25 | 8 | |
Sewage Sludge, Act. | 120 | 60 | 4 | |
Soybean Meal | 140 | 24 | 30 | |
Tankage | 140 | 200 | 30 |
Nutrient | Plant Symptoms | Occurrence |
---|---|---|
Major Elements | ||
Nitrogen | Lower leaves first to show symptoms, become light green to yellowish and size is reduced. Weak growth. | Lighter soils that are easily leached by excessive rainfall or irrigation |
Phosphorus | Stems are thin and shortened. Purplish discoloration of leaves on plants with shortened internodes. Stunted plant growth and delayed maturity. | Deficiencies more prevalent under cold, wet soil conditions. Low pH soils. |
Potassium | First seen on older leaves which become grayish tan in color followed by a scorching of the leaf margins. | Lighter soils that are easily leached by excessive rainfall or irrigation. |
Minor Elements | ||
Boron | Growing points die; stems are shortened and hard; leaves are distorted. Specific symptoms include browning of cauliflower, cracked stem of celery, blackheart of beet and internal browning of turnip. | On soils with a pH above 6.8 or on crops with a high boron requirement. |
Calcium | Stem elongation restricted by death of the growing point. Root tips die and root growth is restricted. Specific symptoms include blossom-end-rot of tomato, brown heart of escarole, celery blackheart, and carrot cavity spot | On acid soils, following leaching, on soils with very high potassium levels, or on very dry soils. |
Copper | Yellowing of leaves. Leaves may become elongated. Onion bulbs are soft with thin pale-yellow scales. | Most cases of copper deficiency occur on muck or peat soils. |
Iron | Distinct yellow or white areas appear between the veins on the youngest leaves. | On soils with pH above 7.5. |
Magnesium | Initially older leaves show yellowing between the veins; continued deficiency causes younger leaves to become affected. Older leaves may fall with prolonged deficiency. | On acid soils, on soils with very high potassium levels, or on very light soils subject to leaching. |
Manganese | Yellow mottled areas, not as intense as with iron deficiency, appear on the younger leaves. This finally results in an overall pale appearance. In beets foliage becomes densely red. Onions and corn show narrow stripping of yellow. | On soils with a pH above 6.7. |
Molybdenum | Pale distorted very narrow leaves with some interveinal yellowing on older leaves. Whip-tail of cauliflower; small, open loose curds. | On very acid soils. |
Zinc | Small reddish-brown spots on cotyledon leaves of beans. Green and yellow broad stripping at base of leaves of corn. Interveinal yellowing with marginal burning on beets. | On wet soils in early spring; often related to heavy phosphorus fertilization. |
Sulfur | General yellowing of younger leaves and reduced growth. | On very sandy soils, low in organic matter, especially following continued use of sulfur-free fertilizers and especially in areas that receive little atmospheric sulfur. |
Chlorine | Deficiencies very rare | Usually only under laboratory conditions. |
Source: University of Florida Vegetable Production Guide. SP # 170. Don Maynard and George Hochmuth
Nutrient Absorption (lb/acre) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetable | Yield (cwt/acre) |
Plant Part | N | P | K |
Bean, Green | 100 | Beans Plants Total |
120 50 170 |
10 6 16 |
55 45 100 |
Broccoli | 100 | Heads Other Total |
20 145 165 |
2 8 10 |
45 165 210 |
Brussels Sprouts | 160 | Sprouts Other Total |
150 85 235 |
20 9 29 |
125 110 235 |
Carrot | 500 | Roots Tops Total |
80 65 145 |
20 5 25 |
200 145 345 |
Celery | 1000 | Tops Roots Total |
170 25 195 |
35 15 50 |
380 55 435 |
Corn, Sweet | 130 | Ears Plants Total |
55 100 155 |
8 12 20 |
30 75 105 |
Honeydew Melon | 290 | Fruits Vines Total |
70 135 205 |
8 15 23 |
65 95 160 |
Lettuce | 350 | Plants | 95 | 12 | 170 |
Muskmelon | 225 | Fruits Vines Total |
95 60 155 |
17 8 25 |
120 35 155 |
Onion | 400 | Bulbs Tops Total |
110 35 145 |
20 5 25 |
110 45 155 |
Pepper | 225 | Fruits Plants Total |
45 95 140 |
6 6 12 |
50 90 140 |
Pea, Shelled | 40 | Peas Vines Total |
100 70 170 |
10 12 22 |
30 50 80 |
Potato | 400 | Tubers Vines Total |
150 60 210 |
19 11 30 |
200 75 275 |
Spinach | 200 | Plants | 100 | 12 | 100 |
Sweetpotato | 300 | Roots Vines Total |
80 > 60 140 |
16 4 20 |
160 40 200 |
Tomato | 600 | Fruits Plants Total |
100 80 180 |
10 11 21 |
180 100 280 |
Source: Knott's Vegetable Growers Handbook. 4th Edition. Don Maynard and George Hochmuth.
Table 22. Fertilizer Requirements of Selected Vegetable CropsCrop | Generalized Requirement Range | Apply These Amounts When Soil Test is Very Low | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P | K | N | P | K | |
Green Bean | 60 - 80 | 80 - 100 | 60 - 80 | 75 | 90 | 100 |
Pinto Bean | 40 - 60 | 80 - 120 | 80 - 120 | 70 | 80 | 100 |
Beet | 60 - 80 | 60 - 80 | 80 - 100 | 100 | 80 | 100 |
Cantaloupe | 40 - 100 | 60 - 100 | 60 - 100 | 120 | 80 | 120 |
Carrot | 30 - 80 | 60 - 100 | 60 - 100 | 100 | 80 | 100 |
Cauliflower | 60 - 100 | 120 - 170 | 60 - 80 | 150 | 90 | 120 |
Swiss Chard | 120 | 80 - 100 | 100 - 120 | 120 | 90 | 160 |
Collards & Kale | 60 - 100 | 80 - 100 | 80 - 100 | 150 | 90 | 150 |
Cucumber | 40 - 100 | 90 - 100 | 140 - 150 | 120 | 80 | 120 |
Eggplant | 70 - 115 | 90 - 120 | 150 - 200 | 145 | 90 | 160 |
Lettuce | 60 - 90 | 100 - 120 | 120 - 170 | 100 | 80 | 120 |
Mustard | 60 - 90 | 80 - 120 | 120 - 170 | 100 | 80 | 120 |
Okra | 60 - 80 | 60 - 80 | 120 - 170 | 80 | 70 | 90 |
Onion (Dry Bulb) | 60 - 90 | 60 - 70 | 100 - 170 | 120 | 80 | 100 |
Onion (Green) | 60 - 80 | 80 - 120 | 60 - 80 | 100 | 80 | 100 |
Pea (Southern) | 20 - 60 | 50 - 100 | 40 - 120 | 60 | 50 | 40 |
Pea (English) | 20 - 80 | 50 - 80 | 40 - 150 | 20 | 50 | 40 |
Pepper | 30 - 80 | 50 - 80 | 80 - 120 | 160 | 80 | 150 |
Potato (Irish) | 80 - 160 | 80 - 120 | 80 - 120 | 180 | 100 | 200 |
Pumpkin | 60 - 80 | 80 - 100 | 110 - 140 | 120 | 80 | 140 |
Radish | 40 - 60 | 50 - 80 | 70 - 120 | 90 | 50 | 100 |
Spinach | 60 - 70 | 110 - 140 | 110 - 140 | 150 | 80 | 125 |
Squash (Summer) | 60 - 70 | 65 - 140 | 110 - 140 | 100 | 65 | 120 |
Squash (Winter) | 60 - 70 | 110 - 140 | 110 - 140 | 110 | 80 | 125 |
Sweet Corn | 120 | 70 - 120 | 80 - 100 | 140 | 85 | 100 |
Sweetpotato | 40 - 60 | 50 - 120 | 120 - 180 | 80 | 90 | 160 |
Tomato | 60 - 80 | 60 - 70 | 110 - 140 | 150 | 80 | 150 |
Turnip (Roots) | 36 - 80 | 50 - 120 | 70 - 120 | 80 | 50 | 100 |
Turnip (Tops) | 36 - 80 | 80 - 120 | 70 - 120 | 80 | 50 | 100 |
Watermelon | 40 - 90 | 40 - 60 | 40 - 60 | 120 | 75 | 130 |
Predicted crop response to fertilizer addition when soil test indicates the element to be: Very High = No Crop Response; High = No Crop Response; Medium = 75 - 100% of Maximum Yield is Predicted without Fertilization; Low = 50 - 75% of Maximum Yield is Predicted without Fertilization; Very low = 25 - 50% of Maximum Yield is Predicted without Fertilization
Element | Crop | Amount (ppm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very Low | Low | Moderate | High | Very High | ||
Nitrogen | All | 0 - 5 | 6 - 25 | 26 - 50 | 51 - 80 | |
Phosphorus | All | 0 - 5 | 6 - 10 | 11 - 20 | 21 - 40 | >40 |
Potassium | All | 0 - 69 | 70 - 299 | 300 - 419 | 420+ | -------- |
Calcium | All | 0 - 179 | *180 - 459 | 460 - 749 | 750 - 3560 | >3560 |
Sodium | All | 0 - 98 | 99 - 399 | 400 - 999 | *1000 - 3000 | >3000 |
Magnesium | All | 0 - 49 | *50 - 99 | 100 - 150 | >150 | --------- |
Sulfur | All | 0 - 7.99 | 8.00 - 15.99 | 16.00 - 24.99 | *>25.00 | --------- |
Manganese | All | ------- | 0 - 0.10 | *1.00 - 1.49 | >1.50 | --------- |
Copper | All | ------- | 0 - 0.10 | 0.11 - 0.15 | >0.16 | --------- |
Boron | All | ------- | 0 - 0.39 | *0.40 - 0.59 | >0.60 | --------- |
Iron | All | ------- | 0 - 3.19 | 3.20 - 4.19 | *>4.20 | --------- |
Zinc | Corn | ------- | 0 - 0.30 | 0.31 - 0.80 | *>0.81 | --------- |
None | Slight | Moderate | High | Very High | ||
Salinity | All | 0 - 600 | 601 - 1200 | 1201 - 2000 | 2001 - 3000 | >3000 |
* Indicates the soil test level at which addition of a nutrient is
suggested.
Reference, Soil, Plant and Water Testing Laboratory - Texas AgriLife Extension
Elements | Critical Level | Sufficient Range | Toxicity Level |
---|---|---|---|
N, % | <2.0 | 2.0 - 5.0 | Nontoxic |
P, % | <0.2 | 0.2 - 0.5 | Nontoxic |
K, % | <1.0 | 1.0 - 5.0 | Nontoxic |
Ca, % | <0.1 | 0.1 - 1.0 | Nontoxic |
Mg, % | <0.1 | 0.1 - 0.4 | Nontoxic |
S, % | <0.1 | 0.1 - 0.3 | Nontoxic |
Fe, ppm | <50 | 50 - 250 | Nontoxic |
Zn, ppm | 15 - 20 | 20 - 100 | >400 |
Mn, ppm | 10 - 20 | 20 - 300 | >300 |
Cu, ppm | 3 - 5 | 5 - 20 | >20 |
B, ppm | <10 | 10 - 100 | >100 |
Mo, ppm | <0.1 | 0.1 - 0.5 | >0.5 |
Cl, % | <0.2 | 0.2 - 2.0 | >2.0 |
Si, % | <0.2 | 0.2 - 2.0 | Nontoxic |
Na, % | <1.0 | 1.0 - 10 | Nontoxic |
Co, ppm | <0.2 | 0.2 - 0.5 | >0.5 |
V, ppm | <0.2 | 0.2 -0.5 | >1 |
Data are from numerous references and numerous analyses based on the author's professional experiences. Levels of nutrients in certain crops can range to higher levels without toxicities. For example, the sufficient range for S is for grains and legumes, whereas the values for crucifers are generally three to five times greater.
Nutrients listed as nontoxic, when in excess, may cause imbalances and detrimentally affect growth, but they seldom are toxic.
Source: Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in crop plants. William F. Bennett. APS Press p. 6.
Crop | Growth stage | Plant Part | Number of Plants or Leaves to Sample |
---|---|---|---|
Asparagus | Mid-growth | Mature fern from 18 - 36" up | 10 - 20 |
Bean | a) Seedlings less than 12" b) Prior to or during initial flowering |
All above ground portions Two or three fully developed leaves at the top of the plant |
20 - 30 20 - 30 |
Beet | Prior to root enlargement | Center Mature leaves | 20 - 30 |
Cabbage | a) Prior to heading b) Head grown |
First mature leaves from center of whorl. Young wrapper leaf; 2 leaves/plant |
10 - 20 10 - 20 |
Carrot | Prior to root enlargement | Center Mature leaves | 20 - 30 |
Leafy Greens* | Mid-growth | Youngest mature leaf | 35 - 55 |
Melon** | Early stages of growth prior to fruit set | Mature leaves near the growing tip | 20 - 30 |
Onion | Prior to bulb enlargement | Center Mature leaves | 20 - 30 |
Pea | Prior to or during initial flowering | Leaves from the 3rd node down from the top of the plant | 30 - 60 |
Pepper | Prior to or at bloom stage | Most recently mature leaves | 20 - 30 |
Potato | Early flowering to tubers grown | Upper most mature leaves | 20 - 30 |
Sweetpotato | Mid-growth | Most recently mature leaves | 20 - 30 |
Sweet Corn | a) Prior to tasseling b) At tasseling |
The entire fully mature leaf below the whorl The entire leaf at the ear node |
20 - 30 20 - 30 |
Tomato Field Greenhouse |
Prior to or during early bloom Prior to or during fruit set |
Third or fourth leaf from growing tip a) Young plants: leaves adjacent to 2ndand 3rd clusters b) Older plants: leaves from 4th to 6th clusters |
20 - 30 20 - 25 20 - 25 |
*Leafy greens= lettuce, spinach, turnip greens, collards etc
**Melons = watermelon, cucumber, cantaloupe etc.
Source: Plant Analysis Handbook for Georgia by C. Owen Plank
Slightly Tolerant (pH 6.8 - 6.0) |
Moderately Tolerant (pH 6.8 - 5.5) |
Very Tolerant (pH 6.8 - 5.0) |
---|---|---|
Asparagus | Bean | Dandelion |
Beet | Bean, Lima | Endive |
Broccoli | Brussels Sprouts | Potato |
Cabbage | Carrot | Rhubarb |
Cauliflower | Collard | Shallot |
Celery | Corn | Sweetpotato |
Chard, Swiss | Cucumber | Watermelon |
Chinese Cabbage | Eggplant | |
Leek | Garlic | |
Lettuce | Gherkin | |
Muskmelon | Horseradish | |
New Zealand Spinach | Kale | |
Okra | Kohlrabi | |
Parsnip | Mustard | |
Salsify | Parsley | |
Soybean | Pea | |
Spinach | Pepper | |
Pumpkin | ||
Radish | ||
Rutabaga | ||
Squash | ||
Tomato | ||
Turnip |
Vegetables in the slightly tolerant group can be grown successfully on soils that are on the alkaline side of neutrality. They do well up to pH 7.6 if there is no deficiency of essential nutrients. Vegetables in the very tolerant group will grow satisfactorily at a soil pH as low as 5.0. For the most part, even the most tolerant crops grow better at pH 6.0 - 6.8 than in more acid soils. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and molybdenum are the nutrients most likely to be deficient in acid soils.
Source: Knotts Handbook for Vegetable Growers. 4th Ed. Don Maynard and George Hochmuth.
Tolerant 4 ppm Boron |
Semi-Tolerant 2 ppm Boron |
Sensitive 1 ppm Boron |
---|---|---|
Asparagus | Potato | Jerusalem Artichoke |
Table Beet | Tomato | Navy Bean |
Broad Bean | Radish | |
Onion | Field Pea | |
Turnip | Corn | |
Cabbage | Pumpkin | |
Lettuce | Bell Pepper | |
Carrot | Sweetpotato | |
Lima Bean |
Relative tolerance is based on the boron concentration in irrigation water at which boron toxicity symptoms were observed when plants were grown in sand culture. It does not necessarily indicate a reduction in crop yield.
Tolerance decreases in descending order in each column.
Source: Irrigation water quality standard and salinity management strategies. By Guy Fipps. Texas AgriLife Extension, B-1667.
Crop | Manganese | Boron | Copper | Zinc | Molybdenum | Iron |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asparagus | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Medium |
Bean | High | Low | Low | High | Medium | High |
Beet | High | High | High | Medium | High | High |
Broccoli | Medium | High | Medium | -------- | High | High |
Cabbage | Medium | Medium | Medium | Low | Medium | Medium |
Carrot | Medium | Medium | Medium | Low | Low | -------- |
Cauliflower | Medium | High | Medium | -------- | High | High |
Celery | Medium | High | Medium | -------- | Low | -------- |
Cucumber | High | Low | Medium | -------- | -------- | -------- |
Lettuce | High | Medium | High | Medium | High | -------- |
Onion | High | Low | High | High | High | -------- |
Pea | High | Low | Low | Low | Medium | -------- |
Potato | High | Low | Low | Medium | Low | -------- |
Radish | High | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | -------- |
Spinach | High | Medium | High | High | High | High |
Sweet Corn | High | Medium | Medium | High | Low | Medium |
Tomato | Medium | Medium | High | Medium | Medium | High |
Turnip | Medium | High | Medium | -------- | Medium | -------- |
Adapted from M. L. Vitosh, D. D. Warncke, and R. E. Lucas, Secondary and Micronutrients for Vegetables and Field Crops. Michigan Extension Bulletin E-486 (1994)
* The crops listed will respond as indicated to applications of respective micronutrients when that micronutrient concentration in the soil is low
Nutrient | Application Rate (lb/A) |
Nutrient Source | Nutrient Composition % |
---|---|---|---|
Boron | 0.5 - 3.5 (Soil) | Borax Boric Acid Sodium Pentaborate Sodium Tetraborate |
11 17 18 21 |
Calcium | 2 - 5 (Foliar) | Calcium Chloride Calcium Nitrate |
36 20 |
Copper | 2 - 6 (Soil) | Cupric Chloride Copper Sulfate Copper Sulfate Cupric Oxide Cuprous Oxide Copper Chelates |
47 35 25 80 89 8 - 13 |
Iron | 2 - 4 (Soil) 0.5 - 1 (Foliar) |
Ferrous Sulfate Ferric Sulfate Ferrous Carbonate Iron Chelates |
20 20 42 5 - 12 |
Magnesium | 25 - 30 (Soil) 2 - 4 (Foliar) |
Magnesium Sulfate Magnesium Oxide Dolomitic Limestone Magnesium Chelates |
10 55 11 2 - 4 |
Manganese | 20 - 100 (Soil) 2 - 5 (Foliar) |
Manganese Sulfate Manganese Oxide Manganese Chelates |
27 41 - 68 12 |
Molybdenum | 25 - 400 grams (Soil) 25 grams (Foliar) |
Ammonium Molybdate Sodium Molybdate |
54 39 |
Sulfur | 20 - 50 (Soil) | Elemental Sulfur Ammonium Sulfate Potassium Sulfate Calcium Sulfate Ferric Sulfate |
100 24 18 16 - 18 18 - 19 |
Zinc | 2 - 10 (Soil) 0.25 (Foliar) |
Zinc Oxide Zinc Sulfate Zinc Chelate |
80 23 14 |
Vegetables differ in their requirements for these secondary nutrients. Availability in the soil is influenced by soil reaction and soil type. Use lower rates for band application than for broadcast. Foliar application is one way to correct an evident deficiency that appears while the crop is growing.
Source: Knotts Handbook for Vegetable Growers 4th Ed. Don Maynard and George Hochmuth
Table 30. Types of Liming MaterialsMaterial | Chemical Composition | Neutralizing Equivalent* |
---|---|---|
Crushed Limestone | Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) | 100 |
Dolomite | Calcium/Magnesium Carbonate (CaCO3 + MgCO3) |
108 |
Burned or Lump Lime | Calcium Oxide (CaO) | 150 - 175 |
Hydrated or Slake Lime | Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) | 120 - 135 |
Slag | Calcium Silicate (CaSiO3) | 60 - 90 |
*Neutralizing equivalent based on calcium being 100 percent.
Source: Adapted from KCES. Horticulture Tips by Charles Marr and Dave Whitney
Table 31. Amount of Sulfur (95% S) Needed to Lower the Soil pH as Measured to Approxly pH 6.5 - Weights are expressed in Pounds per AcreSoil pH | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sandy Soil | Loamy Soil | Clayey Soil | |
7.5 | 435-655 | 655-872 | 872-1,089 |
8.0 | 1,089-1,307 | 1,307-1,743 | 1,743-2,178 |
9.0 | 2,178 - 3,267 | ----- | ----- |
Source: The Fertilizer Handbook.
Table 32. Conversion Weights (lb/gal) of Liquid Fertilizer MaterialsFertilizer Material | Nutrient(%) | Pounds/Gallon at 60F |
---|---|---|
32-0-0 | 32% N | 11.06 |
10-34-0 | 10% N, 34% P2O5 | 11.4 |
11-37-0 | 11% N, 37% P2O5 | 11.7 |
4-11-11 | 4% N, 11% P2O5, 11% K2O | 10.5 |
12-0-0-26 (S) | 12% N, 26% S | 11.1 |
0-0-10 | 10% K2O (81 lb 0-0-62/50 gal H2O) | 10.0 |
10-20-10 | 10% N, 20% P2O5, 10% K2O | 11.4 |
Ruffin-Redy | ||
Ca | 5%Ca | 10.9 |
Cu | 5% Cu | 10.8 |
Fe | 5% Fe | 10.9 |
Mg | 4% Mg | 11.5 |
Mn | 5% Mn | 11.3 |
Zn | 10% Zn | 11.5 |
Special Crop Mix 1 | 5% Zn, 3% Mn, 1% Cu | 11.2 |
Acidifying
Effect of Fertilizer N (Ammonium)
NH3, N-Solutions, AN (anhydrous ammonia), urea, animal wastes: 1lb
(N) = 1.8 lbs Pure CaCO3 (CCE)
Ammonium Sulfate 1lb (N) = 5.0 lb CCE
Crop | Most Critical Period(s) of Water Need |
---|---|
Asparagus | Plant development (bush) following harvest | Broccoli | Transplant and flower bud initiation |
Cabbage | Head development |
Cantaloupe | Vining, pollination and fruit enlargement |
Carrot | Root enlargement |
Cauliflower | Transplant and curd development |
Cucumber | Fruit enlargement period |
Eggplant | Flowering and fruit development |
Lettuce | Head development |
Lima Bean | Blossom and pod enlargement |
Onion (dry) | Bulb enlargement |
Pea | Pod development |
Pepper | Vegetable growth (planting to fruit set) |
Potato | Tuber set and tuber enlargement |
Radish | Root enlargement |
Snap Bean | Pod enlargement |
Spinach | Throughout growing season |
Sweet Corn | Silking and tasseling, ear development |
Sweet Potato | Slip setting (planting) |
Tomato | Early flowering, fruit set and enlargement. For mechanical harvesting, withhold water during latter part of fruit ripening period |
Turnip | Root enlargement |
Watermelon | Vining, pollination and fruit enlargement |
Notes:
Inches of Water for Deep-Rooted Vegetables: Beans, Beets, Cantaloupe, Chard, Cucumber, Eggplant, Okra, Pea, Pepper, Pumpkin, Squash, Sweetpotato, Tomato, Turnip, and Watermelon | |||||||||||||
Area1 | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Season |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1B | .13 | .13 | .29 | .17 | .90 | 24.3 | |||||||
2B | .13 | .12 | .26 | .25 | .10 | 26.5 | |||||||
2B* | *.11 | .13 | .23 | .27 | .17 | .08 | 26.6 | ||||||
2C | .10 | .14 | .30 | .27 | .17 | 29.2 | |||||||
8A | *.04 | .10 | .20 | .29 | .19 | *.10 | 25.7 | ||||||
7A | *.04 | .08 | .17 | .25 | .18 | *.08 | 22.6 | ||||||
7B | .06 | .10 | .23 | .21 | .15 | 22.6 | |||||||
6A | *.06 | .08 | .15 | .23 | .15 | *.08 | 20.3 | ||||||
6B | *.06 | .08 | .16 | .24 | .17 | *.08 | 21.3 | ||||||
6C | *.05 | .07 | .13 | .23 | .18 | *.10 | 20.2 | ||||||
7C | *.05 | .07 | .13 | .24 | .17 | *.10 | 20.3 | ||||||
4D | .11 | .10 | .16 | .09 | .05 | 15.1 | |||||||
4C | 03 | .07 | .13 | .12 | *.09 | *.04 | 12.6 | ||||||
4B | .12 | .11 | .19 | .10 | .06 | 17.3 | |||||||
4B | .04 | .09 | .14 | .16 | *.12 | *.04 | 15.3 | ||||||
4A | 03 | .07 | .13 | .12 | *.10 | *.03 | 12.7 |
Inches of Water for Shallow-Rooted Vegetables: Brussels Sprouts, Spinach, Celery, Cauliflower, Radish, Onion, Cabbage, Sweet Corn, and Lettuce | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area1 | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Season |
1B | .06 | .18 | .34 | .23 | .25 | .13 | .09 | 37.8 | |||||
2A | .08 | .08 | .14 | .14 | .17 | .03 | .05 | 20.2 | |||||
8A | .04 | .14 | .24 | .23 | .25 | .16 | .12 | 34.7 | |||||
7A | .04 | .12 | .21 | .20 | .21 | .15 | .10 | 30.1 | |||||
7B | .04 | .12 | .22 | .19 | .11 | .16 | .10 | 30.8 | |||||
6A | .04 | .13 | .23 | .18 | .18 | .10 | .08 | 27.7 | |||||
6B | .04 | .14 | .24 | .19 | .19 | .11 | .07 | 29.1 | |||||
6C | .04 | .14 | .24 | .19 | .19 | .11 | .08 | 29.3 | |||||
7C | .04 | .04 | .25 | .18 | .20 | .11 | .08 | 29.5 | |||||
5C | .04 | .05 | .07 | .05 | .11 | .10 | .06 | 13.6 | |||||
4D | .07 | .07 | .08 | .05 | .13 | .12 | .07 | 17.0 | |||||
4E | .06 | .06 | .07 | .04 | .11 | .10 | .06 | 14.4 | |||||
4C | .06 | .06 | .08 | .05 | .12 | .11 | .06 | 15.5 | |||||
4B | .08 | .08 | .08 | .06 | .14 | .13 | .08 | 19.0 | |||||
4A | .06 | .06 | .08 | .05 | .12 | .11 | .06 | 15.5 |
1 Codes- Texas Land Resource Areas (Refer to map below)
Climate | Water Use (Inches per day) |
GPM per acre |
---|---|---|
Cool Humid | 0.10 - 0.15 | 1.9 - 2.8 |
Cool Dry | 0.15 - 0.20 | 2.8 - 3.8 |
Warm Humid | 0.15 - 0.20 | 2.8 - 3.8 |
Warm Dry | 0.20 - 0.25 | 3.8 - 4.7 |
Hot Humid | 0.20 - 0.30 | 3.8 - 5.7 |
Hot Dry | 0.30 - 0.45 | 5.7 - 8.5 |
1 Source: Dr. Michael Braverman, Former
Extension Vegetable Specialist, Weslaco.
2 Gallons per Minute (GPM)
assuming 100% irrigation water application efficiency and pumping continuously
24 hours per day.
High Salt Tolerance | Medium Salt Tolerance | Low Salt Tolerance |
---|---|---|
Table Beet | Tomato | Radish |
Kale | Broccoli | Celery |
Asparagus | Cabbage | Green Bean |
Spinach | Bell Pepper | |
Cauliflower | ||
Lettuce | ||
Sweet Corn | ||
Potato | ||
Carrot | ||
Onion | ||
Pea | ||
Squash | ||
Cucumber | ||
Cantaloupe |
Tolerance decreases in descending order in each column.
Cropa | Maximum Cl- Concentrationb without Yield Loss ppm |
---|---|
Bean | 350 |
Onion | 350 |
Carrot | 350 |
Radish | 350 |
Lettuce | 350 |
Turnip | 350 |
Pepper | 525 |
Corn | 525 |
Potato | 525 |
Sweetpotato | 525 |
Cabbage | 525 |
Celery | 525 |
Spinach | 700 |
Cucumber | 875 |
Tomato | 875 |
Broccoli | 875 |
Squash (scallop) | 1,050 |
Beet | 1,400 |
Squash (zucchini) | 1,575 |
Cowpea | 1,700 |
a Data
serve only as a guideline to relative tolerances among crops. Absolute
tolerances vary, depending upon climate, soil conditions and cultural practices.
b Concentration in saturated
soil extracts sampled in the root zone.
Adapted from: Irrigation Water Quality Standards and Salinity
Management Strategies. By Guy Fipps. Texas AgriLife Extension B-1667
Classes of Water | Electrical Conductivity (EC) dS/m* |
Gravimetric ppm |
Sodium % |
Chloride (Cl) |
Sulfate (SO4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class 1, Excellent | 0.25 | 175 | 20 | 4 | 4 |
Class 2, Good | 0.25 - 0.75 | 175 - 525 | 20 - 40 | 4 - 7 | 4 - 7 |
Class 3, Permissible1 | 0.76 - 2.00 | 525 - 1400 | 40 - 50 | 7 - 12 | 7 - 12 |
Class 4, Doubtful2 | 2.01 - 3.00 | 1,400 - 2,100 | 60 - 80 | 12 - 20 | 12 - 20 |
Class 5, Unsuitable2 | ≥3.00 | 2,100+ | 80+ | 20+ | 20+ |
* 1 dS/m = 1 mmhos/cm = 1,000 µmhos/cm at 25C
1 Leaching is needed if this class of water is used
2 Good drainage is needed. Sensitive plants will have difficulty
germinating and emerging.
Irrigation Water | Number of Irrigation Events of Crops with | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Dissolved Salts (mg/l) |
Electrical Conductivity - EC (dS/m*) |
Good Salt Tolerance | Moderate Salt Tolerance | Poor Salt Tolerance |
640 | 1 | N/A | 7 | 15 |
1,280 | 2 | 11 | 7 | 4 |
1,920 | 3 | 75 | 2 | |
2,560 | 4 | 53 | 2 | |
3,200 | 5 | 4 | 2 - 3 | 1 |
3,840 | 6 | 32 | 1 | |
4,480 | 7 | 2 - 3 | 1 - 2 | |
5,120 | 8 | 2 | 1 |
* 1 dS/m = 1 mmhos/cm = 1,000 µmhos/cm at 25C
Source: Lunin, J., M. H. Gallatin, G. A. Bower and L. V. Wilcox. 1960. Use of Brackish
Water for Irrigation in Humid Regions. ARS, US Dept. of Agric. Inf. Bul. No.
213 5p
SAR Values | Sodium Hazard of Water | Comments |
---|---|---|
1 - 9 | Low | Use on sodium sensitive crop such as avocados must be cautioned |
10 - 17 | Medium | Gypsum and leaching needed |
18 - 25 | High | Generally unsuitable for continuous use |
26+ | Very High | Generally unsuitable for use |
Note: While EC is an assessment of all soluble salts, SAR is an index quantifying the detrimental impact of sodium (Na+) on soil physical properties.
Crop | Maximum Soil Salinity Without Yield Loss - Threshold (dS/m)1 | Decrease in Yield at Soil Salinities above the Threshold (% per dS/m) |
---|---|---|
Sensitive: | ||
Bean | 1.0 | 19 |
Carrot | 1.0 | 14 |
Onion | 1.2 | 16 |
Moderately Sensitive: | ||
Turnip | 0.9 | 9 |
Radish | 1.2 | 13 |
Lettuce | 1.3 | 13 |
Pepper | 1.5 | 14 |
Sweetpotato | 1.5 | 11 |
Broad Bean | 1.6 | 10 |
Corn | 1.7 | 12 |
Potato | 1.7 | 12 |
Cabbage | 1.8 | 10 |
Celery | 1.8 | 6 |
Spinach | 2.0 | 8 |
Cucumber | 2.5 | 13 |
Tomato | 2.5 | 10 |
Broccoli | 2.8 | 9 |
Squash, Scallop | 3.2 | 16 |
Moderately Tolerant: | ||
Beet | 4.0 | 9 |
Squash, Zucchini | 4.7 | 9 |
1 1 dS/m = 1 mmhos/cm = 1,000 µmhos/cm at
25C
Source: California Agriculture. 1984 (October)
Crop | Optimum Harvest Quality |
---|---|
Asparagus | When spears are 6 to 8 inches in length or Approxly the diameter of a pencil |
Beans | Snaps and Canning: Before beans form in pod Green Shells: When beans are full size in pod Dry Use: When pods are dry and crisp |
Beet | Greens: When plants are 5 to 8 inches tall Roots: Begin using when 1 to 2 inches in diameter |
Broccoli | While flower buds are green and tightly closed; generally 4 to 6 inch diameter floret bunches |
Brussels Sprouts | When sprouts are 1½ to 2 inches in diameter |
Cabbage | When heads become of good size and solid |
Carrot | When root shoulder is ¾ inch |
Cauliflower | When heads are of good size (4 to 6 inches) and well bleached to creamy white |
Celery | As soon as hearts are fully developed and the plant is 2½ to 3 inches in diameter |
Collards | While leaves are young and tender and Approxly 10 to 12 inches in length |
Corn, Sweet | When kernels are fully developed, plump, juicy and tender |
Cucumber | Fresh Use: While fruits are green, of medium size Pickling: Usually before medium size (little finger) |
Eggplant | As soon as fruit is full size and of rich purple color |
Endive | When well balanced and tender |
Kale | When leaves are 10 to 12 inches in size |
Leek | From the time the plants are an inch in diameter |
Lettuce | Head: As soon as firm heads form Leaf: When leaves are 2 to 6 inches long |
Muskmelon | As soon as fruit can be separated from vine with a slight thumb pressure |
Mustard | When plants are 5 to 8 inches tall |
Okra | When pods are 2 to 2½ inches long or before pods become tough |
Onions | Green Onions: Any time while tops are green Summer Cooking: When bulbs are ¾ to 1 inch in diameter Dry Use: When tops fall over and/or dry and brown |
Parsley | Anytime after leaves have grown to usable size |
Pea | When pods are plump and of fresh green color |
Pepper | Sweet: When full grown, firm, and bright green Hot: When red or yellow in color, according to variety |
Pumpkin | When fully grown, firm, and bright orange or yellow in color, according to variety |
Radish | Medium size, quickly grown roots |
Spinach | When quickly grown leaves are 4 to 6 inches long |
Squash | Summer: While very young, before skin, becomes hard and large seeds form Winter: When full grown, hard shelled, and firm |
Tomato | As soon as fruit is well colored, red, pink, or yellow according to variety |
Watermelon | As soon as fruit develops a yellowish under color in the area where it comes in contact with the soil and/or when the curl, tendril, closest to the melon turns brown |
Crop | Usage | Yield (per acre) | Measure of Yields | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bean Dry Green |
Processing |
2,000 lb 12,000 lb |
bu tons (bulked) |
|
Beet | Processing | 22,000 lb | Tons (bulked) | |
Broccoli | Fresh Market Processing |
9,200 lb 10,000 lb |
50 lb cartons tons (bulked) |
|
Cabbage | Fresh Market | 40,000 lb | 50 lb sacks | |
Carrot | Fresh Market Processing |
30,000 lb 30,000 lb |
50 lb cartons tons (bulked) |
mesh bags (48x1 lb cello bags) |
Cauliflower | Fresh Market | 10,000 lb | 50 lb cartons | |
Celery | Fresh Market | 55,000 lb | carton count = | 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4 doz. |
Collards | Processing | 10,000 lb | Tons (bulked) | |
Corn, Sweet | Fresh Market | 1,200 doz | 5 doz. carton | |
Cowpea | Fresh Market | 1,920 lb | 24 lb bu | |
Cucumber Slicer Pickling |
Fresh Market Processing |
15,125 lb 16,000 lb |
55 carton tons (bulked) |
|
Green Mustard Turnip Turnip |
Fresh Market Fresh Market Processing |
8,000 lb 12,000 lb 8,000 lb |
25 lb carton 25 lb carton tons (bulked) |
|
Lettuce | Fresh Market | 22,500 lb | 45 lb carton | |
Melon Cantaloupe Honeydew |
Fresh Market | 16,000 lb 18,000 lb |
carton count = carton count = |
9, 12, 15, 18, 22s 5, 6, 7, 9, 10's |
Onion, Dry | Fresh Market | 25,000 lb | 50 lb bags/carton | |
Okra | Fresh Market Processing |
6,000 lb 9,500 lb |
30 lb bu tons (bulked) |
|
Pepper Bell Jalapeno Chili |
Fresh Market Fresh Market Processing |
10,000 lb 10,000 lb 6,000 lb |
25 lb carton 50 lb bags (bulked) tons/bulked dry red |
|
Potato Irish Sweet |
Fresh Market | 30,000 lb 20,000 lb |
cwt sack 50 lb bu |
|
Pumpkin | Fresh Market | 20,000 lb | tons (bulked) | |
Spinach | Fresh Market Processing |
10,000 lb 14,000 lb |
25 lb bu tons (bulked) |
|
Squash | Fresh Market | 12,000 lb | 40 lb carton/bu | |
Tomato | Fresh Market Processing |
12,000 lb 20,000 lb |
40 carton tons (bulked) |
|
Watermelon Dry land Irrigated |
Fresh Market | 15,000 lb 20,000 lb |
cwt (bulked) 50 lb carton |
Vegetable | Container | Net Weight (lb) |
---|---|---|
Artichoke | Containers (CNT) and boxes: 7 in. deep, by count and loose pack | 20 - 25 |
Asparagus | Pyramid crates, loose pack Half-pyramid crate CNT holding 16 packs, each 1½ lb Pyramid wire bound (WBD) crates, holding 12 bunches |
32 15 - 17 24 - 25 30 |
Bean, Snap | Bushel (Bu) WBD crates and Bu
hampers CNT including semi-telescope type CNT |
26 - 31 25 - 30 20 - 22 |
Beet, Bunched | Half crates 4/5 Bu crates |
35 32 |
Broccoli | Half CNT - packed with 14 bunches | 20 - 23 |
Brussels Sprouts | CNT
- loose pack Flats and CNT - 12 cups, each 10 oz |
25 7½ - 8 |
Cabbage | Flat crates (1¾ Bu) Mesh sacks CNT |
53 - 60 50 53 |
Carrot, Bunched | CNT - packed with 2 dozen bunches | 23 - 27 |
Carrot, Topped | 48 film bags, 1 lb each, in
master CNT, WBD crates, and mesh sacks Burlap sacks |
50 74 - 80 |
Cauliflower | Two-layer CNT,
holding 12-16 trimmed heads, film wrap Long Island-type crates |
18 - 24 45 - 50 |
Celery | 15½ in crates and WBD crates,
flat pack (from California) 14½ in WBD crates (from Florida) |
60 - 65 55 - 60 |
Celery Hearts | CNT,
holding 12 or 18 film bags (2-3 stalks per bag) CNT, same as above (from Florida) |
24 - 28 32 - 38 |
Chinese Cabbage | WGA
crates 14½ in WBD crates 15½ in WBD crates 1-1/9 Bu WBD crates |
80 - 85 45 - 54 50 50 - 53 |
Chive | Flats, hold 12 pots | 10 |
Corn | WBD crates WBD crates, early season, Coachella Valley (CA) WBD crates, mid and late season (California) |
42 - 50 40 - 45 45 - 60 |
Cucumbers, Field Grown | 1-1/9 Bu CBT
and WBD crates Bu CBT and WBD crates CNT L.A. lugs |
55 47 - 55 26 - 32 28 - 32 |
Cucumbers, Greenhouse | CNT, 12 - 18 count | 16 |
Eggplant | Bu CNT,
1-1/9 Bu CNT and WBD Crates CNT, packed 18 and 24 |
33 20 - 23 |
Escarole and Endive | 1-1/9 Bu WBD crates CNT and WBD crates, holding 24 heads |
25 30 - 36 |
Endive, Belgian | European CNT | 10 |
Garlic | CNT,
hold 12 display CNT of 1 doz CNT, holding 12 tube or film bags (2 cloves per package) Telescope CNT, bulk |
NA 10 30 |
Greens | Bu baskets, crates, and CNT 24 pack 1-2/5 Bu and 1-3/5 Bu WBD crates Crates and CNT, 12-24 bunches (from New Jersey) |
23 - 24 30 - 35 NA |
Horseradish | Sacks Sacks Cello |
60 50 5 |
Jerusalem Artichoke | CNT holding 12 film bags, 1 lb each | 12 |
Leeks | WBD crates, holding 10 cello bags, each 1 lb | 10 |
Lettuce, Boston | 1-1/9 Bu eastern WBD crates | 20 |
Lettuce, Iceberg | Western iceberg CNT | 43 - 48 |
Lettuce, Romaine | 1-1/9 Bu WBD crates | 23 |
Lettuce, Leaf | CNT
and WBD crates, packed 24 Bibb Leaf |
20 - 25 10 13 |
Melons Muskmelon Casaba Crenshaw Honeydew Persian |
Half-CNT, packed. 9, 12, 18, 23 Two-thirds CNT, packed 12, 14, 18, 24, 30 Jumbo crates, packed 18-45 Standard crates Half WBD crates Bliss CNT, packed 4, 5, 6 Flat crates, packed 5, 6 Bliss CNT, packed 4, 5, 6, 8 Flat crates Bliss CNT, 7¾ inch depth Two-thirds CNT, packed 5 - 10 Jumbo CNT Standard CNT |
38 - 41 53 - 55 80 - 85 70 45 - 50 32 - 34 48 - 51 32 - 34 35 - 50 29 - 32 30 - 34 29 - 30 26 - 27 |
Mushroom | CNT,
holding 8 packages, 1 lb each CNT, holding 9 packages, 8 oz each CNT, loose pack |
8 4½ 10 |
Okra | Bu hampers and crates 5/9 Bu crates CNT Bu crates and CNT (from Mexico) 12 qt baskets |
30 18 18 18 - 20 15 - 18 |
Onion, dry | Sacks | 50 |
Onion, Green | CNT
and WBD crates, holding 4 doz bunches CNT Cabbage crates |
18 25 - 29 47 - 54 |
Onion, Pearl | CNT, holding 12 packages, 10 oz each | 8 |
Oriental Vegetables | L.A. lugs WGA crates CNT WBD crates |
25 - 28 75 - 80 20 - 22 45 |
Parsley | Cantaloupe jumbo crates, 5 doz bunches CNT, 5 doz bunches Bu baskets, 5 doz bunches |
20 - 25 21 21 |
Parsnip | Film bags CNT, holding 12 cello bags, 1 lb each |
25 12 |
Pea | Bu WBD crates Bu baskets |
30 - 32 28 - 30 |
Pepper, Bell Type | L.A. Lugs and CNT,
loose pack (short green and short yellow types, from CA CNT (from Texas and Mexico) CNT, retail pack |
16 - 25 20 10 |
Potato | 100 lb sacks 50 lb CNT and sacks 20 lb film bags 10 lb film bags |
100 50 20 10 |
Pumpkin | Various crates | NA |
Radish, Topped | CNT,
packed 30 film gabs, 6 oz each (from FL) CNT, packed 30 film gabs, 6 oz each (from CA) 25 lb film bags |
15 11½ 25 |
Rutabaga | Bags and CNT
(from California) Sacks and CNT (from Canada) |
25 50 |
Salad Mix | CNT, holding 8 film bags, 5 lb each | 40 |
Shallot | Cabbage crates | 47 - 54 |
Southern Pea (cowpea) | Fresh- bushel baskets | 24 |
Sweetpotato | CNT,
crates, and Bu baskets CNT |
50 40 |
Tomato Salad Cherry |
½ or ¼ Bu cartons CNT Flats Baskets |
28 25 20 8 |
Turnip Roots Greens |
Mesh bags, CNT Bu baskets or crates |
1, 25, 50 8 |
Watermelon | Var. bulk bins CNT 3, 4, 5 |
800 - 2,000 55 - 80 |
Product | Temperature (F) | Relative Humidity (%) | Chilling Temperature (F) | Freezing Point (F) | Water Loss* | Max. Storage Life |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asparagus | 32/35 | 95/100 | 36 | 31 | A | 2 - 3 weeks |
Beans, Snap | 45/50 | 95 | 45 | 31 | A | 7 - 10 days |
Beans, Lima | 37-41 | 95 | 34/40 | 31 | A | 5 - 7 days |
Beet | 32 | 98/100 | 30 | A | 4 - 6 months | |
Broccoli | 32 | 95/100 | 31 | H | 10 - 14 days | |
Cabbage, Early | 32 | 98/100 | 30 | A | 3 - 6 weeks | |
Cabbage, Late | 32 | 98/100 | 30 | A | 5 - 6 months | |
Cabbage, Chinese | 32 | 95/100 | 31 | H | 2 - 3 months | |
Carrot, Mature | 32 | 98/100 | 30 | A | 7 - 9 months | |
Carrot, Immature | 32 | 98/100 | 30 | A | 4 - 6 months | |
Cauliflower | 32 | 95/98 | 31 | A | 3 - 4 weeks | |
Celery | 32 | 98/100 | 31 | A | 2 - 3 months | |
Corn, Sweet | 32 | 95/98 | 31 | A | 5 - 8 days | |
Cucumber | 50/55 | 95 | 45 | 31 | L | 1 - 2 weeks |
Eggplant | 46/54 | 90/85 | 45 | 31 | L | 1 week |
Greens, Leaf | 32 | 95/100 | 32 | H | 1 - 2 weeks | |
Lettuce | 32 | 98/100 | 32 | A | 2 - 3 weeks | |
Muskmelon, 3/4 Slip | 36/41 | 95 | 40 | 30 | A | 2 weeks |
Muskmelon, Full Slip | 32/36 | 95 | 40 | 30 | H | 5 - 14 days |
Melon, Honeydew | 45 | 90/95 | 45 | 30 | L | 3 weeks |
Onion, Green | 32 | 95/100 | 30 | 3 - 4 weeks | ||
Onion, Dry | 32 | 65/70 | 31 | L | 1 - 8 months | |
Pea, Green | 32 | 95/98 | 31 | A | 1 - 2 weeks | |
Pepper, Sweet | 45/55 | 90/95 | 45 | 31 | A | 2 - 3 weeks |
Potato, Early | 45/50 | 90/95 | 38 | 31 | L | 4 - 5 months |
Potato, Early Chip | 60/70 | 90/95 | 40 | 31 | L | few weeks |
Potato, Late | 45/50 | 90/95 | 38 | 31 | L | 5 - 10 months |
Potato, Late Chip | 45/55 | 90/95 | 40 | 31 | L | 3 - 7 months |
Pumpkin | 50/55 | 50/70 | 50 | 31 | L | 2 - 3 months |
Squash, Summer | 41/50 | 95 | 45 | 31 | A | 1 - 2 weeks |
Squash, Winter | 50 | 50/70 | 50 | 31 | L | |
Acorn | 5 - 8 weeks | |||||
Other | 4 - 6 months | |||||
Sweetpotato | 55/60 | 85/90 | 55 | 30 | A | 4 - 7 months |
Tomato, Green | 55/70 | 90/95 | 50/60 | 31 | A | 1 - 3 weeks |
Tomato, Pink | 50/55 | 90/95 | 45/50 | 31 | A | 7 - 12 days |
Tomato, Vine Ripe | 46/50 | 90/95 | 45/50 | 31 | A | 4 - 7 days |
Watermelon | 50/60 | 80/85 | 40 | 31 | A | 2 - 3 weeks |
* Moisture loss for storage in store display conditions: L=low, 5% per day product weight; A=average, .5 to 1.4%; H=high, 1.4%
Ethylene | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethylene Producer | Ethylene Sensitive | ||||
Apple | Honeydew | Peach | Banana (unripe) | Chard | Pea |
Apricot | Kiwifruit (ripe) | Pear | Bean (Green) | Cucumber | Peppers |
Avocado | Mammee | Persimmon | Belgian Endive | Eggplant | Spinach |
Banana (ripening) | Mango | Plantain | Broccoli | Kiwifruit (unripe) | Squash |
Cantaloupe | Mangosteen | Plum | Brussels Sprout | Leafy Green | Sweetpotato |
Cherimoya | Nectarine | Prune | Cabbage | Lettuce | Watercress |
Fig | Papaya | Quince | Carrot | Okra | Watermelon |
Guava | Passion Fruit | Tomato | Cauliflower | Parsley |
Never transport or store fruits and vegetables that produce a lot of ethylene with products sensitive to it. Ethylene can cause premature ripening of some and will ruin others. For example, cucumbers and celery turn yellow in the presence of ethylene, while lettuce will turn brown. Potassium permanganate pads can be used to absorb ethylene during transit and storage.
Sensitivity to Freezing | ||
---|---|---|
Most Sensitive Commodities likely to suffer injury by one light freezing. |
Moderately Sensitive Commodities able to recover from one or two light freezing. |
Least Sensitive Commodities that can be lightly frozen several times without sustaining serious damage. |
Apricot | Apple | Beet |
Asparagus | Broccoli | Brussels Sprout |
Avocado | Cabbage (New Crop) | Cabbage (Storage) |
Banana | Carrot | Date |
Bean (Snap) | Cauliflower | Kale |
Berries (except Cranberries) | Celery | Kohlrabi |
Cucumber | Cranberry | Parsnip |
Eggplant | Grapefruit | Rutabaga |
Lemon | Grape | Salsify |
Lettuce | Onions, (Bulb) | Turnip |
Lime | Orange | |
Okra | Parsley | |
Peach | Pear | |
Pepper (Bell) | Pea | |
Plum | Radish | |
Potato | Spinach | |
Sweetpotato | Squash | |
Tomato |
Odor Produced by: | Will be Absorbed by: |
---|---|
Apple | Cabbage, Carrot, Celery, Fig, Onion, Meat, Egg, Dairy products |
Avocado | Pineapple |
Carrot | Celery |
Citrus | Meat, Egg, Dairy Products |
Ginger Root | Eggplant |
Grape (fumigated with sulfur dioxide) | Other Fruit and Vegetables |
Leek | Fig, Grape |
Onion (Bulb) | Apple, Celery, Pear |
Onion (Green) | Corn, Fig, Grape, Mushroom, Rhubarb |
Pear | Cabbage, Carrot, Celery, Onion, Potato |
Potato | Apple, Pear |
Pepper (Green) | Pineapples |
Never transport or store odorous products with products that will absorb the odors.
Vegetable | Cal | Protein (g) | Carbo (g) | Dietary Fat (g) | Sodium | Fiber (g) | Vit. A | Vit. C | Calcium | Iron |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asparagus (3.5)* | 18 | 0 | 18 | 1 | 0 | 5 | - | 6 | - | - |
Bell Pepper (5.5) | 25 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 130 | - | - |
Broccoli (5.5) | 40 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 75 | 5 | 10 | 240 | 6 | 4 |
Cabbage (3) | 18 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 30 | 2 | - | 70 | 4 | - |
Cantaloupe (5) | 50 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 80 | 90 | 2 | 2 |
Carrot (3) | 40 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 40 | 1 | 330 | 8 | 2 | - |
Cauliflower (3) | 18 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 45 | 2 | - | 110 | 2 | 2 |
Celery (4) | 20 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 140 | 2 | - | 15 | 4 | - |
Cucumber (3.5) | 18 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 2 |
Green Bean (3) | 14 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 8 | 4 | - |
Green Onion (1) | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 20 | - | 5 |
Honeydew (5) | 50 | 1 | 12 | 0 | 50 | 1 | - | 40 | - | 2 |
Iceberg Lettuce (3) | 20 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 4 | - | - |
Leaf Lettuce (3) | 12 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 40 | 1 | 20 | 4 | 4 | - |
Mushroom (3) | 25 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 2 | - | - |
Onion (5.5) | 60 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 10 | 3 | - | 20 | 4 | - |
Potato (5.5) | 110 | 3 | 23 | 0 | 10 | 3 | - | 50 | - | 8 |
Radish (3) | 20 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 35 | 0 | - | 30 | - | - |
Summer Squash (3.5) | 20 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 25 | 2 | 2 |
Sweet Corn (3) | 75 | 3 | 17 | 1 | 15 | 1 | 5 | 10 | - | 3 |
Sweetpotato (4.5) | 140 | 2 | 32 | 0 | 15 | 3 | 520 | 50 | 3 | 4 |
Tomato (5.5) | 35 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 20 | 40 | - | 2 |
Watermelon (10) | 80 | 1 | 19 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 8 | 25 | - | 2 |
United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association.
* Serving sizes noted in parentheses are in ounces = less than 2% of U.S. RDA of this nutrient
Crop | % Water | % Protein | % Carbohydrate |
---|---|---|---|
Artichoke, French | 85.5 | 2.9 | 10.6 |
Artichoke, Jerusalem | 79.8 | 2.3 | 16.7 |
Asparagus, Raw | 91.7 | 2.5 | 5.0 |
Bean, Lima, Dry | 10.3 | 20.4 | 64.0 |
Bean, White | 10.9 | 22.3 | 61.3 |
Bean, Red | 10.4 | 22.5 | 61.9 |
Bean, Pinto | 8.3 | 22.9 | 63.7 |
Beet, Red | 87.3 | 1.6 | 9.9 |
Beet, Green | 90.9 | 2.2 | 4.6 |
Broccoli | 89.1 | 3.6 | 5.9 |
Brussels Sprouts | 85.2 | 4.9 | 8.3 |
Cabbage | 92.4 | 1.3 | 5.4 |
Carrot | 8.2 | 1.1 | 9.7 |
Cauliflower | 91.0 | 2.7 | 5.2 |
Celery | 94.1 | 0.9 | 3.9 |
Collard | 85.3 | 4.8 | 7.5 |
Corn, Field | 13.8 | 8.9 | 72.2 |
Corn, Sweet | 72.7 | 3.5 | 22.1 |
Cowpea, Dry | 10.5 | 22.8 | 61.7 |
Cowpea, Fresh | 66.8 | 9.0 | 21.8 |
Cucumber | 95.1 | 0.9 | 3.4 |
Dandelion Greens | 85.6 | 2.7 | 9.2 |
Garlic Clove | 61.3 | 6.2 | 30.8 |
Lentil | 11.1 | 24.7 | 60.1 |
Muskmelon | 91.2 | 0.7 | 7.5 |
Mustard Green | 89.5 | 3.0 | 5.6 |
Okra | 88.9 | 2.4 | 7.6 |
Onions, Dry | 89.1 | 1.5 | 8.7 |
Parsnip | 79.1 | 1.7 | 17.5 |
Pea, Edible Pod | 83.3 | 3.4 | 12.0 |
Pea, Split | 9.3 | 1.0 | 82.7 |
Pepper, Hot | 74.3 | 3.7 | 18.8 |
Pepper, Sweet | 93.4 | 1.2 | 4.8 |
Popcorn | 9.8 | 11.9 | 72.1 |
Potato, Raw | 79.8 | 2.1 | 17.1 |
Pumpkin | 91.6 | 1.0 | 6.5 |
Radish | 94.5 | 1.0 | 3.6 |
Rhubarb | 94.8 | 0.6 | 3.7 |
Rutabaga | 87.0 | 1.1 | 11.0 |
Salsify | 77.6 | 2.9 | 18.0 |
Spinach | 90.7 | 3.2 | 4.3 |
Squash, Summer | 94.0 | 1.1 | 4.2 |
Squash, Winter | 85.1 | 1.4 | 12.4 |
Sweetpotato | 70.6 | 1.7 | 26.3 |
Tomato | 93.5 | 1.1 | 4.7 |
Turnip | 91.5 | 1.0 | 6.6 |
Turnip Green | 90.3 | 3.0 | 5.0 |
Watermelon | 92.6 | 0.5 | 6.4 |
Source: Handbook of the Nutritional Contents of Foods, USDA
mile | x | 1.609 | = | kilometer (km) | x | 0.621 | = | mile |
feet | x | 0.304 | = | meter (m) | x | 3.82 | = | feet |
acre | x | 0.405 | = | hectare (ha) | x | 2.47 | = | acre |
square foot (sq. ft) | x | 9.29x10-2 | = | sq. meter | x | 10.76 | = | sq. ft |
bushel | x | 35.24 | = | liter (l) | x | 2.84x10-2 | = | liter |
quart | x | 0.946 | = | liter | x | 1.057 | = | quart |
gallon | x | 3.78 | = | liter | x | 0.265 | = | gallon |
ounce | x | 2.96x10-2 | = | liter | x | 33.78 | = | ounce |
pint | x | 0.473 | = | liter | x | 2.11 | = | pint |
pound | x | 454 | = | gram | x | 2.20x10-3 | = | pound |
ounce | x | 28.4 | = | gram | x | 3.52x10-2 | = | ounce |
pound | x | 0.454 | = | kilogram (kg) | x | 2.205 | = | pound |
ton | x | 0.907 | = | megagram | x | 1.102 | = | ton |
pounds/A (lb/a) | x | 1.12 | = | kg/ha | x | 0.893 | = | pounds/A |
bu/A (60 lb) | x | 67.19 | = | kg/ha | x | 1.49x10-2 | = | bu/A |
bu/A (56 lb) | x | 62.71 | = | kg/ha | x | 1.59x10-2 | = | bu/A |
bu/A (48 lb) | x | 53.75 | = | kg/ha | x | 1.86x10-2 | = | bu/A |
millimho/cm | x | 0.1 | = | siemen/m | x | 10 | = | millimho/m |
acre-in water | x | 102.8 | = | cubic meter | x | 9.73x10-3 | = | acre-in water |
acre-ft water | x | 0.123 | = | hectare-m | x | 8.11 | = | acre-ft water |
acre-ft water | x | 12.33 | = | ha-centimeters | x | 8.1x10-2 | = | acre-ft water |
percent (5) | x | 10 | = | gram/kilogram | x | 0.1 | = | percent (%) |
ppm | x | 1 | = | mg/kilogram | x | 1 | = | ppm |
1 ppm N = 0.23 lb N x number of inches of water applied gives lb/A
Climacteric Fruit (will continue to ripen after harvest) |
Nonclimacteric Fruits (will not ripen after harvest) |
||
---|---|---|---|
Apple | Muskmelon (cantaloupe) | Blackberry | Orange |
Apricot | Nectarine | Cacao | Pepper |
Avocado | Papaya | Cashew Apple | Pineapple |
Banana | Passion Fruit | Cherry | Pomegranate |
Biriba | Peach | Cucumber | Raspberry |
Blueberry | Pear | Eggplant | Satsuma Mandarin |
Breadfruit | Persimmon | Grape | Strawberry |
Cherimoya | Plantain | Grapefruit | Summer Squash |
Feijoa | Plum | Jujube | Tamarillo |
Fig | Sapote | Tangerine | Lemon |
Guava | Soursop | Lime | |
Jackfruit | Tomato | Loquat | |
Kiwifruit | Watermelon | Lychee | |
Mango | Olive |
Source: Adel A. Kader. Postharvest Biology and Technology: An Overview.